• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2010

United Nations Environment Program adopted a global binding agreement to regulate the production and distribution for the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in May 22, 2001. The agreement took its effectuation with the ratification of 59 countries from the approval of 151 countries in May 17, 2004. After the approval on the binding agreement in October 4, 2001, South Korea performed systematic investigation for the ready of ratification on the convention with country-specific exemption for some chemical substances. Case study with documentary examination and fact-finding survey found some potential problem for 5 chemical substances such as chlordane, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorobenzenes (HCB), heptachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However, subsequent investigation with more detailed degree showed the possibility for the ratification with no country-specific exemption.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.1032-1036
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• 2019

When the equipment which is related to safety or important to power production is installed in nuclear power plant units (NPPs), verification of equipment Electromagnetic Susceptibility (EMS) must be performed. The low-frequency radiated magnetic field susceptibility (RS101) test is one of the EMS tests specified in U.S NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.180 revision 1. The RS101 test verifies the ability of equipment installed in close proximity to sources of large radiated magnetic fields to withstand them. However, RG 1.180 revision 1 allows for an exemption of the low-frequency radiated magnetic susceptibility (RS101) test if the safety-related equipment will not be installed in areas with strong sources of magnetic fields. There is no specific exemption criterion in RG 1.180 revision 1. EPRI TR-102323 revision 4 specifically provides a guide that the low-frequency radiated magnetic field susceptibility (RS101) test can be conservatively exempted for equipment installed at least 1 m away from the sources of large magnetic fields (>300 A/m). But there is no exemption criterion for equipment installed within 1 m of the sources of smaller magnetic fields (<300 A/m). Since some types of equipment radiating magnetic flux are often installed near safety related equipment in an electrical equipment room (EER) and main control room (MCR), the RS101 test exemption criterion needs to be reasonably defined for the cases of installation within 1 m. There is also insufficient data regarding the strength of magnetic fields that can be used in NPPs. In order to ensure confidence in the RS101 test exemption criterion, we measured the strength of low-frequency radiated magnetic fields by distance. This study is expected to provide an insight into the RS101 test exemption criterion that meets the RG 1.180 revision 1. It also provides a margin analysis that can be used to mitigate the influence of low-frequency radiated magnetic field sources in NPPs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 2008

A global binding agreement was adopted with the leading of United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) on May 22, 2001 in Stockholm to regulate the production and distribution on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The agreement took effectuation with the ratification of 59 countries from the approval of 151 countries on May 17, 2004. After the approval on October 4, 2001, South Korea performed systematical investigation on POP-related substances such as chlordane, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorobenzenes (HCB), heptachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to get ready for the ratification of the convention with country-specific exemption. The domestic distributions of those chemical substances have been officially prohibited since the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Although there were occasional reports for the detection of some of those chemical substances, those performed minute signification in their existence in the environment. A series of investigation with documentary examination and fact-finding survey showed the possibility for the ratification on the convention without country-specific exemption.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.237-256
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• 2011

A Liner Conference can be defined as "a group of two or more vessel operating carriers which provide international liner services for the carriage of cargo on a particular route or routes within specific geographical limits and which has an agreement or arrangement within the framework of which they operate under uniform or common freight rates and any other agreed conditions with respect to the provisions of the liner services". This study reviews maritime transport policy regarding liner conference and the changes in the liner market over the decades. Liner shipping industry has long been protected from competition by block exemption. The repeal of the block exemption for liner conferences and the abolition of any special EC antitrust regime for the shipping industry marks an important step in European maritime competition policy. This article examines the origins and the rationale of the EC antitrust immunity granted so far th the shipping industry and explains the causes of this historic changes. The abolition of Regulation 4056/86 and of the EU commitment to the UN Code of Conduct marks an historical evolution in international maritime policy, which will have an influence far beyond the EU.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.135-149
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• 1990

Housing owners in Korea have a variety of tax advantages such as income tax exemption for the imputed rent of owner-occupied housing, exemption from the capital gains tax and deduction of the estate tax for one-house households. These tax reliefs for housing owners not only conflict with the principle of horizontal and vertical equity, but also lead to resource misallocation by distorting the housing market, and thus bring about regressive distribution effects. Particularly in the case of Korea with its imperfect capital market, these measures exacerbate the inter-class inequality of housing ownership as well as inequalities in wealth, by causing the affluent to demand needlessly large housing, while the poor and young experience difficulties in purchasing residential properties. Therefore, the Korean tax system must be altered as follows in order to disadvantage owner-occupiers, especially those owners of luxury housing. These alterations will promote housing-ownership, tax burden equity, efficiency of resource allocation, as well as the desirable distribution of income. First, income tax deductions for the rent payments of tenants are recommended. Ideally, the way of recovering the fiscal equivalence between the owner-occupiers and tenants is to levy an income tax on the former's imputed rents, and if necessary to give them tax credits. This, however, would be very difficult from a practical viewpoint, because the general public may perceive the concept of "imputed rent" as cumbersome. Computing the imputed rent also entails administrative costs, rendering quite reasonable, the continued exemption of imputed rent from taxation with the simultaneous deduction in the income tax for tenants. This would further enhance the administrative efficiency of income tax collection by easing assessment of the landlord's income. Second, a capital gains tax should be levied on the one-house household, except with the postponement of payments in the case that the seller purchases higher priced property. Exemption of the capital gains tax for the one-house household favors those who have more expensive housing, providing an incentive to the rich to hold even larger residences, and to the constructors to build more luxurious housing to meet the demand. So it is not desirable to sustain the current one-house household exemption while merely supplementing it with fastidious measures. Rather, the rule must be abolished completely with the concurrent reform of the deduction system and lowering of the tax rate, measures which the author believes will help optimize the capital gains tax incidence. Finally, discontinuation of the housing exemption for the heir is suggested. Consequent increases in the tax burden of the middle class could be mitigated by a reduction in the rate. This applies to the following specific exemptions as well, namely, for farm lands, meadows, woods, business fields-to foster horizontal equity, while denying speculation on land that leads to a loss in allocative efficiency. Moreover, imperfections in the Korean capital market have disallowed the provision of long term credit for housing seekers. Remedying these problems is essential to the promotion of greater housing ownership by the low and middle income classes. It is also certain that a government subsidy be focused on the poorest of the poor who cannot afford even to think of owning a housing.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2012

Defamation on the Internet is a criminal offense. Of late, the damage it has been causing has grown exponentially. Here, we suggest some ideas to expand the use of arbitration in Korea. We suggest that all disputes arising in connection with current contracts be settled under the rules of conciliation and arbitration. As a countermeasure to the requirements for defamation or damages, the field of criminal arbitration regulations needs to be defined strictly. In conclusion, the UK does not make provisions for arbitration as a specific subject. With respect to foreign legislation, it is necessary to take a look at ways to expand arbitration in our country. The scale of arbitration must be expanded to allow for greater protection of criminals in exchange for their cooperation in arbitration cases and relative to the amount of the damages in dollars. There must also be detailed instructions regarding the eligibility criteria for and proper handling of these arbitration cases.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.598-608
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• 2017

A new radiation scale is proposed. With empathy toward the vast majority of people who are not well versed in radiation and related matters, and thus suffering from misunderstanding that breeds unnecessary fear of radiation, the aim of proposing a new radiation scale, radiation index (RAIN), is to put the general public at ease with the concept of radiation. RAIN is defined in dimensionless numbers that relate any specific radiation dose to a properly defined reference level. As RAIN is expressed in plain numbers without an attached scientific unit, the public will feel comfortable with its friendly look, which in turn should help them understand radiation dose levels easily and allay their anxieties about radiation. The expanded awareness and proper understanding of radiation will empower the public to feel that they are not hopeless victims of radiation. The correspondence between RAIN and the specific accumulated dose is established. The equivalence will allow RAIN to serve as a common language of communication for the general public with which they can converse with radiation experts to discuss matters related to radiation safety, radiation diagnosis and therapy, nuclear accidents, and other related matters. Such fruitful dialogues will ultimately enhance public acceptance of radiation and associated technologies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2013

Currently, about 35 cyclotrons have been operating in South Korea. Most of them are mainly used for the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals such as $^{18}FDG$, which is a cancer tracer for nuclear medicine. Highly enriched $H_2{^{18}}O$ containing up to 98% of $^{18}O/O$ isotope ratio is used as the target for $^{18}F$ production. The price of the highly enriched $H_2{^{18}}O$ ranges 60~70 USD/g, and all of them have been imported from foreign country in spite of the very expensive price. The target (enriched $H_2{^{18}}O$) is non-radioactive before the proton beam irradiation. But, the post-irradiation target (used $H_2{^{18}}O$) must be managed following the National Radiation Safety Regulations, because it turns into radioactive by the radioactivation of the impurities within the target. Recently, nevertheless of the fast increasing amount of used $H_2{^{18}}O$ in accordance with the increasing number of nuclear medicine cases, any activation analysis on the used $H_2{^{18}}O$ have been conducted yet in Korea. In this research, activation analysis have been conducted to confirm the specific radioactivity(Bq/g) of each radioisotopes within the used $H_2{^{18}}O$. The analysis have been done on the 3 of 20g samples collected from the used $H_2{^{18}}O$ storages at different cyclotron centers. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the "used $H_2{^{18}}O$" contains gamma emitters such as $^{56}Co$, $^{57}Co$, $^{58}Co$, and $^{54}Mn$ as well as the considerable amount of beta emitter $^3H$. It was also confirmed that the only one sample contained over exemption level of gamma emitters while the specific activity of tritium was lower than the exemption level in all samples. The specific activity of radioisotopes were measured different levels in the samples depending on the elapsed time after irradiation. Further study on the activation of the "used $H_2{^{18}}O$" is definitely necessary, nevertheless the as-is results of this research must be useful in establishing a rational "used $H_2{^{18}}O$" management protocol.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.229-248
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• 2002

The primary objective of this study is to firstly survey and analyze the working environment and actual condition, secondly know their problems, and then provide the basic data about how to improve their working conditions. The specific study items for getting the goal above is as follows: 1. How does the industrial company connect with highschool vocational education well? 2. How does the mechanical technical highschool graduate apply with industrial field? The result of study is as follows: 1. In case of employment's information and the industrial educationed cooperation, the workers who has the working history in less than 5 years takes short to find the job. National high school graduates and those who get the job through the school and the teacher changed their job at short period compared to other. 2. There was no benefit about the same major's worker at industrial field. The workers admitted that there is the exemption fo military service and the certification's allowance, only for which is related to their job. The longer the workers stay their job, the more they had the chance to get the exemption of military service. National highschool were carried out the curriculum well as planed especially for their major subjects. Whereas, the public and private highschools weren't. The seniors of their job and the coworkers are very helpful for learning the actual knowledge. The workers said that the school's curriculum and club activity weren't effective applying with their working field. 3. The study says that the important things of their job is the knowledge of their major. Those who 80% answered that the worker must improve the knowledge of their major to be a good engineer. Learning from their senior in working field was very helpful. The question above was ranked as the first. 4. The answer says that the new changed job's pay is more than the previous job. That is, the reason of leaving the job is the pay gap. The most dissatisfaction and problems in present job was the environment of working and the working condition. 5. Regarding to asking next year's plan, the answer says that keeping the job was ranked as the first. That answer means that they conservative.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.31-60
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• 2014

In this paper the good Samaritan civil liability is argued. In many cases some damage could be caused by an emergency medical service. In such situations the degree of duty of care taken by the service provider would be alleviated depending upon the degree of emergency. Then the service provided by anyone not carrying any duty to do so could be generally ruled by the 'Korean Civil Act' Article 735. This article is related to the management of affairs in urgency. The application of this article means the mitigation of civil liability of the service provider. If the service provider not carrying any duty to provide it "has managed the affairs" of the service "in order to protect the" victim "against an imminent danger to the latter's life", the provider "shall not be liable for any damages caused thereby, unless he acted intentionally or with gross negligence". Korea has another rule applied in such a situation, that is the Korean 'Emergency Medical Service Act' Article 5-2. This article is established for the exemption from responsibility for well-intentioned emergency medical service. It could be referred to as the Good Samaritan law. It provides: "In cases where no intention or gross negligence is committed on the property damage and death or injury caused by giving any emergency medical service or first-aid treatment falling under any of the following subparagraphs to an emergency patient whose life is in jeopardy, the relevant actor shall not take the civil liability ${\cdots}$" In this paper the two articles is compared in the viewpoints of the requirements for and effects of the application of them respectively. The 'Korean Civil Act' Article 735 is relatively general rule against the the Korean 'Emergency Medical Service Act' Article 5-2 in the same circumstance. Therefore the former could be resorted to only if any situation could not satisfy the requisites for the application of the latter. In this paper it has suggested that the former article be more specific for the accuracy of making decision to apply it; and that the latter be revise in some requirements including the victim, the service provider, and the service.