• 국제지역연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.53-78
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• 2016

본고는 2003~2013년 기간 동안 62개 국가를 대상으로 양국간 FTA와 자국 및 무역상대국의 다양한 FTA체결 확산이 양자간 무역에 미치는 영향을 중력모형과 공간모형을 이용하여 분석하였다. 본고는 먼저 중력모형과 공간모형을 이용하여 양국이 체결한 FTA가 양자간의 무역 및 수출입에 미치는 영향과 동시에 모형 적용의 적절성을 분석하였다. 그 다음으로 공간모형만을 이용하여 양국간의 FTA를 통제한 상태에서 자국 및 무역상대국이 체결한 FTA가 양자간의 무역에는 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. 분석결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 양자간의 FTA가 무역에 미치는 영향을 분석할 때에는 중력모형보다는 공간회귀모형을 이용하는 것이 더 적절하다. 이는 양자간 무역에서 공간적 파급효과가 중요하다는 것을 의미한다. 둘째, 이미 많은 연구들이 증거를 제시하였듯이 양국간에 체결한 FTA는 FTA 회원국의 양자간 무역을 확대시키는 역할을 한다. 셋째, 자국 및 무역 상대국이 FTA를 많이 체결할수록 양자간의 무역은 증가한다. 넷째, 양자간에 FTA를 체결한 상태에서 자국 및 무역상대국이 FTA를 많이 체결할 경우 무역 다각화 또는 무역전환효과의 발생으로 인하여 양자간의 무역이 감소한다. 결론적으로 본고는 FTA 정책의 추진에 있어서 무역 자체의 확대 및 무역의 다각적 확대를 위해서는 FTA를 가능한 많이 체결해야 하겠지만, 그 만큼 기존에 체결한 FTA의 효과는 반감되기 때문에 새로운 FTA를 체결할 경우 정치적 이유가 아니라면 상대적으로 시장이 큰 국가와 추진하는 것이 유리하다는 정책적 시사점으로 제시하고 있다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.192-203
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• 2018

Headwater streams provide various microhabitats, resulting in high diversity of macroinvertebrate community. In this study, we compared the differences of communities between two adjacent headwater streams (Jangjeon stream (GRJ; GRJ1-GRJ5) and Haanmi stream (GRH; GRH1-GRH3)) in Jungwang and Gariwang mountains, Gangwon-do and evaluated the effects of habitat condition to the macroinvertebrates community composition. In order to characterize the macroinvertebrate communities and extract influential environmental factors, we applied to Cluster analysis (CA), Indicator species analysis and Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Total 33,613 individuals in 3 phyla, 5 classes, 13 orders, 51 families, and 114 taxa (genera or species) were collected. Gammarus sp. was dominant at the upper stream of GRJ, whereas Chironomidae spp. was abundant at GRH and the downstream of GRJ. The CA classified samples into six clusters (1-6) reflecting spatial and temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was significantly different between two adjacent streams. Sweltsa sp. 1, Psilotreta kisoensis, Rhyacophila shikotsuensis and Serratella setigera were identified as representative indicator species for clusters 1, 2, 3 and 5, respectively. Similar to CA results, NMDS revealed the spatial and temporal differences of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, indicating the difference of community composition as well as microhabitat condition. Forest composition, proportion of boulders (>256 mm), and water velocity were main factors affecting the macroinvertebrate community composition.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Tribuyltin (TBT)을 포함한 유기주석 방오도료의 국내 사용규제에 따른 저감효과를 평가하기 위해서, 국내에서 가장 큰 산업항 중 하나인 울산항 주변에서 2009년과 2011년에 채취한 퇴적물 내 유기주석화합물(butyltin compounds; BTs)을 정량하여 잔류수준과 공간적 분포를 조사하였다. 또한 2003년 조사결과와 비교하여 퇴적물 내 유기주석화합물 잔류의 장기경향을 조사하였다. 퇴적물 내 TBT의 농도범위는 14.2~1204 ng Sn $g^{-1}$ dry wt이었고, dibutyltin은 19.5~980 ng Sn $g^{-1}$ dry wt을 보였다. BTs의 가장 높은 농도는 대형조선소 부근에서 조사되었고, 다음으로 높은 농도는 울산항 컨테이너선 정박지 부근에서 조사되었다. 이것은 울산만에서 TBT의 가장 중요한 배출원은 선박활동을 포함한 해운산업과 관련 있음을 의미한다. 2003년, 2009년, 2011년의 BTs 농도를 비교한 결과, 퇴적물 내 TBT 농도는 유의한 수준으로 감소하고 있어서 국내 사용규제에 따른 저감 효과가 울산만에서도 나타나고 있었다. 해수와 생물내 농도감소는 보고된 적이 있지만, 규제 이후 퇴적물에서 유기주석화합물의 농도감소는 이번 연구에서 처음 보고되는 결과이다. 하지만, 퇴적물 내 BTs의 잔류수준은 생물학적 영향농도보다 높은 수준이었다. 따라서 울산만에서 유기주석화합물로 인한 오염에 대한 저감노력과 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.391-400
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• 2017

Italian ryegrass (IRG) is one of the fastest growing grasses available to farmers. It offers rapid establishment and starts growing early in the following spring and has fast regrowth after defoliation. So, IRG can be utilized as the dominant/single species of grass used in a farming system, or to play a role as a large producing pasture and sacrificial paddock. The objective of this study was to develop the use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for the evaluation of feed value of IRG. For this study, UAV imagery was taken on the Nonsan regions two times during the IRG growing season. We analyzed the relationships between $NDVI_{UAV}$ and feed value parameters such as fresh matter yield, dry matter yield, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and crude protein at the season of harvest. Correlation analysis between $NDVI_{UAV}$ and feed value parameters of IRG revealed that $NDVI_{UAV}$ correlated well with crude protein (r = 0.745), and fresh matter yield (r = 0.655). According to the relationship, the variation of $NDVI_{UAV}$ was significant to interpret feed value parameters of IRG. Eight different regression models such as Linear, Logarithmic, Inverse, Quadratic, Cubic, Power, S, and Exponential model were used to estimate IRG feed value parameters. The S and exponential model provided more accurate results to predict fresh matter yield and crude protein than other models based on coefficient of determination, p- and F-value. The spatial distribution map of feed values in IRG plot was in strong agreement with the field measurements in terms of geographical variation and relative numerical values when $NDVI_{UAV}$ was applied to regression equation. These lead to the result that the characteristics of variations in feed value of IRG according to $NDVI_{UAV}$ were well reflected in the model.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.699-709
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• 2017

우리나라 남해안의 대표적인 패류양식해역 중에 하나인 고성만 주변 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속의 분포 및 오염현황을 이해하기 위해 입도와 총유기탄소(TOC), 총질소(TN), 중금속 9종(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)에 대해 조사하였다. 고성만 주변 퇴적물은 세립질의 점토(clay)와 니(mud)로 이루어져 있었다. 유기물과 중금속은 만의 입구쪽에서 안쪽으로 갈수록 상대적으로 높은 농도를 보였다. 특히, 퇴적물중 유기물 및 중금속의 분포와 C/N 비(5-10)를 고려하였을 때, 고성만 퇴적물 중 유기물은 해역 자체 내 생물체에 의해 생성된 해양기원성 유기물의 영향을 크게 받고, 중금속은 만 주변 혹은 만내 산재해 있는 인위적인 오염원의 영향을 크게 받고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 4 가지 퇴적물 오염평가 방법을 이용하여 고성만의 중금속 오염현황을 살펴본 결과, 고성만 퇴적물은 전 해역에 걸쳐 중금속에 대하여 약간 오염된 상태였으며, 만의 북쪽과 북동쪽의 일부 해역은 퇴적물의 중금속 오염도가 높아 퇴적물에 서식하는 저서생물에 큰 위해를 줄 수 있는 상태인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 고성만 주변 퇴적환경 개선을 위한 체계적인 관리계획의 수립과 함께 지속적인 양식활동 및 양식생물의 안전성 확보를 위한 오염물질에 대한 집중적인 모니터링 연구가 병행되어져야 한다.

• 대기
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.257-267
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• 2019

This study is to assess the applicability of the Extreme Forecast Index (EFI) algorithm of the ECMWF seasonal forecast system to the Global Seasonal Forecasting System version 5 (GloSea5), operational seasonal forecast system of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The EFI is based on the difference between Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) curves of the model's climate data and the current ensemble forecast distribution, which is essential to diagnose the predictability in the extreme cases. To investigate its applicability, the experiment was conducted during the heat-wave cases (the year of 1994 and 2003) and compared GloSea5 hindcast data based EFI with anomaly data of ERA-Interim. The data also used to determine quantitative estimates of Probability Of Detection (POD), False Alarm Ratio (FAR), and spatial pattern correlation. The results showed that the area of ERA-Interim indicating above 4-degree temperature corresponded to the area of EFI 0.8 and above. POD showed high ratio (0.7 and 0.9, respectively), when ERA-Interim anomaly data were the highest (on Jul. 11, 1994 (> $5^{\circ}C$) and Aug. 8, 2003 (> $7^{\circ}C$), respectively). The spatial pattern showed a high correlation in the range of 0.5~0.9. However, the correlation decreased as the lead time increased. Furthermore, the case of Korea heat wave in 2018 was conducted using GloSea5 forecast data to validate EFI showed successful prediction for two to three weeks lead time. As a result, the EFI forecasts can be used to predict the probability that an extreme weather event of interest might occur. Overall, we expected these results to be available for extreme weather forecasting.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.977-983
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• 2021

Closely correlated expression patterns between ubiquitin specific peptidase 9X-linked (USP9X) and adherens junction formation factor (Afadin) in mouse testis development suggests that Usp9x regulates the deubiquitination of Af-6 (also known as Afadin, AFDN), and subsequently, the cell adhesion dynamics during gametogenesis. However, this relationship has not yet been tested in other domestic animals. The study was examined the temporal and spatial expression patterns of porcine USP9X and AFDN from the pre-pubertal to adult stages using real time-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we detected the transcripts of USP9X and AFDN in the testis of 1-, 6- and 12-months old boar, respectively. USP9X and AFDN were found to have similar expressions patterns, with basal expression after 1 month followed by a significant up-regulation from 6 months (puberty) onwards. In addition, neither the AFDN or USP9X proteins were detected in spermatogenic cells but they were expressed in the leydig cells and sertoli cells. USP9X was detected around the basal lamina during pre-puberty, and predominantly expressed in the leydig cells at puberty. Finally, in adult testis, USP9X was increased at the sertoli cell-cell interface and the sertoli cell-spermatid interface. In summary, closely correlated expression patterns between USP9X and AFDN in boar testis supports the previous findings in mice. Furthermore, the junction connections between the sertoli cells may be regulated by the ubiquitination process mediated via USP9X.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.90-102
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• 2015

To understand the hyrogeochemical variation of bedrock aquifer during underground space construction, various graphical methods including multiple-component plots and chemical trends were used to estimate the mixing rate between seawater and freshwater and to investigate the evolution of water quality. The water chemistry and mixing rate between fresh and sea waters, which are generally localized in the construction area (MW-7, in land), shows typical characteristics of freshwater that doesn’t affect its validity as seawater intrusion. Especially, the water chemistry of a MW-4 (coastline) was classified as Na-Cl type, Na-HCO₃ type, and Ca-Cl type due to the influence of the seawater intrusion. And hydrogeochemical and isotopic data show that local freshwater is subjected to geochemical processes, such as reverse ion-exchange. Throughout the Chadha’s diagrams, four different case histories with the temporal and spatial variation of groundwaters in the study area were proposed, which is recommended to interpret the hydrogeochemical reactions effectively.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume II
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• pp.725-727
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• 2006

The development of GIS and Location-Based Services requires a high-level database that will be able to allow real-time access to moving objects for spatial and temporal operations. MODB.MM is able to meet these requirements quite adequately, providing operations with the abilities of acquiring, storing, and querying large-scale moving objects. It enables a dynamic and diverse query mechanism, including searches by region, trajectory, and temporal location of a large number of moving objects that may change their locations with time variation. Furthermore, MODB.MM is designed to allow for performance upon main memory and the system supports the migration on out-of-date data from main memory to disk. We define the particular query for truncation of moving objects data and design two migration methods so as to operate the main memory moving objects database system and file-based location storage system with.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.287-290
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• 2006

Eye growth and lens diameter of brown croaker Miichthys miiuy were positively allometric between hatching and 180 days post-hatch (d.p.h.). Eye growth in relation to head length and head height was nearly isometric. Eyes were formed completely at 14 d.p.h. At this age, the eye has a crystalline lens, an optic nerve fiber layer, a ganglion cell layer, an inner plexiform layer, an inner nuclear layer, an outer plexiform layer, an outer nuclear layer, an outer limiting membrane, and a pigment epithelium. The essential demands that must be met by the retina in this species pertain to light sensitivity and spatial resolution.