• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.229-237
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• 1984

마우스를 실험동물로 하여 스파르가눔(sparganum)을 경구감염시킨 후 충체의 이행과정 및 충체분포를 관찰함으로써 스파르가눔의 병원성을 이해하고 실험적 스파르가눔토에 대한 기초자료를 마련하고자 이 연구를 실시 하였다. 스파르가눔은 강원도 횡성군에서 포획한 유혈목이(Matrix tigrina lateralis)의 피하조직 및 내장에서 회득한 것을 사용하였고 ICR계 마우스 21∼259정도의 수컷 28마리에 대하여 각각 5마리의 스파르가눔 두절(scolex) 및 경부(neck)를 경구감염시킨 후 10분후부터 14일까지 도살하고 전신부검을 실시하여 충체 이행 과정 및 분포를 관찰한 바 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 스파르가눔은 감염 10분후 이미 마우스 십이지사의 장벽을 관통하고 있는 것이 관찰되었고 30분 이내에 관통을 끝낸 다음 복륙내에 주로 분포하였다. 특히 장벽을 관통할 때에는 계관에서 복륙쪽으로 직접 뚫고 나오는 것이 관찰되었다. 2. 감염 1시간부터 1일까지는 대부분의 충체가 복륙내에서 발견되었고 1일에 근육이나 피하조직으로 이행한 것도 관찰되었다. 3. 충체가 대부분 피하조직으로 이행한 것은 감염 7일이내인 것으로 나타났는데 감염 14일까지 관찰한 바 피하 또는 근금조직에서 고수된 28마리의 충체는 마우스 경부(neck) 주위조직에 13마리, 체간부(trunk)에 12마리, 두부(head)에 3마리가 분포하였고 이들중 하악골하부 및 견갑하부의 피하조직에서 가장 많은 충체가 발견되었다. 이들 피하조직 또는 장관벽의 조직반응은 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 4. 마우스에 감염된 스파르가눔은 처음에 평균 4mm이던 것이 7일후 평균 12mm, 14일후 평균 35mm로 성장하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어볼 때 마우스에 경구감염된 스파르가눔은 10∼30분후에 위 또는 십이지사벽을 관통하여 복륙으로 나온 후 롱격막 또는 복막을 뚫고 7R이내에 주로 경부 및 그 주위조직으로 이행하는 것으로 생각되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.379-381
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• 2013

To know the status of sparganum (plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei) infection in the Korean wild life, several species of wild animals were captured in Gangwon-do and examined for their status of infection with spargana. From February to December 2011, a total of 62 wild boars, 5 badgers, 1 weasel, 1 Siberian chipmunk, and 53 wild rodents were captured, and their whole muscles were examined with naked eyes for the presence of spargana worms. From the weasel and 1 wild boar, a total of 5 spargana specimens were extracted. The weasel was for the first time recorded as an intermediate or paratenic/transport host of S. erinacei in Korea, and both the weasel (Mustela sibirica manchurica) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were added to the list of wild animals carrying spargana.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.183-186
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• 2008

Helminthic cysteine proteases are well known to play critical roles in tissue invasion, nutrient uptake, and immune evasion of the parasites. In the same manner, the sparganum, the plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni, is also known to secrete a large amount of cysteine proteases. However, cysteine protease inhibitors regulating the proteolytic activities of the cysteine protease are poorly illustrated. In this regard, we partially purified an endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor from spargana and characterized its biochemical properties. The cysteine protease inhibitor was purified by sequential chromatographies using Resource Q anion exchanger and Superdex 200 HR gel filtration from crude extracts of spargana. The molecular weight of the purified protein was estimated to be about 11 kD on SDS-PAGE. It was able to inhibit papain and 27 kDa cysteine protease of spargana with the ratio of 25.7% and 49.1%, respectively, while did not inhibit chymotrypsin. This finding suggests that the cysteine protease inhibitor of spargana may be involved in regulation of endogenous cysteine proteases of the parasite, rather than interact with cysteine proteases from their hosts.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.309-312
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• 2019

Spargana were collected from human and frogs in Liaoning and Hubei Provinces, China. PCR amplification and direct sequencing of A cox1 fragment was PCR-amplified from genomic DNA extracted from 7 specimens (5 from humans and 2 from frogs). The cox1 fragment (390 bp) showed 97-100% similarity to the reference sequence of S. erinaceieuropaei and 88-89% to the reference sequence of S. decipiens. There were 1-12 bases different between these worms, but no obvious genetic variation (0-3.3%) to the references. There was little difference of cox1 gene between sparganum samples of humans and frogs (1-3%). This study is the first report on S. erinaceieuropaei spargana from humans in Liaoning and Hubei Provinces.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.183-185
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• 2010

In a previous study, the author developed a method for separation of the tegument of spargana (plerocercoids of Spirometra mansoni) from the parenchyme using urea. The present study, as a next step, was performed to evaluate which molecules are present in the outer tegument. Two major proteins, 180 and 200 kDa, are present in the tegument and we could make polyclonal antibodies against these molecules. Their immunolocalization was processed and the outermost layer of the spargana showed strong positive staining. Conclusively, we could confirm that the 180 and 200 kDa molecules might be tightly bound membrane proteins in the tegument of spargana.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2016

Human sparganosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with larval forms (procercoid/plerocercoid) of Spirometra spp. The purpose of this study was to identify Spirometra spp. of infected snakes using a multiplex PCR assay and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence data from the spargana of terrestrial snakes obtained from Korea and China. A total of 283 snakes were obtained that included 4 species of Colubridae comprising Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus (n=150), Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum (n=64), Elaphe davidi (n=2), and Elaphe schrenkii (n=7), and 1 species of Viperidae, Agkistrodon saxatilis (n=60). The snakes were collected from the provinces of Chungbuk, Chungnam, and Gyeongbuk in Korea (n=161), and from China (n=122). The overall infection rate with spargana was 83% (235/283). The highest was recorded for D. rufozonatum rufozonatum (100%), followed by A. saxatilis (85%) and R. tigrinus tigrinus (80%), with a negative result for E. davidi (0%) and E. schrenkii (0%). The sequence identities between the spargana from snakes (n=50) and Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (KJ599680) or S. decipiens (KJ599679) control specimens were 90.8% and 99.2%, respectively. Pairwise genetic distances between spargana (n=50) and S. decipiens ranged from 0.0080 to 0.0107, while those between spargana and S. erinaceieuropaei ranged from 0.1070 to 0.1096. In this study, all of the 904 spargana analyzed were identified as S. decipiens either by a multiplex PCR assay (n=854) or mitochondrial cox1 sequence analysis (n=50).

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.167-169
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• 2006

After infection of male mice with the plerocercoids (spargana) of Spirometra mansoni, serum levels of estrogen and testicular weight were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and weighing machine, respectively. The serum level of estrogen increased progressively in infected mice compared with normal controls, whereas the testicular weight of infected mice decreased significantly (P < 0.05). These results suggest that certain substances from spargana change the steroid hormone metabolisms in the host by unknown pathways, and chronic infection may contribute to change of the function of steroid hormone target organ, i.e., testis, in male mice.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.467-473
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• 2020

Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, were examined to estimate the potential risks of human gnathostomiasis and sparganosis in Myanmar. A total of 20 frogs were purchased in a local market of Yangon and examined with naked eyes and the artificial digestion method after skin peeling in June 2018 and June 2019. Larvae of gnathostomes and Spirometra (=spargana) were detected in 15 (75.0%) and 15 (75.0%) frogs with average intensities of 10.5 and 6.3 larvae per infected frog, respectively. Gnathostome larvae were 2.75-3.80 (av. 3.30) mm long and 0.29-0.36 (0.33) mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus, and 2 pairs of cervical sac. The mean number of hooklets were 41, 44, 47, and 50 on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row, respectively. Collected spargana were actively moving, particularly with the scolex part, and have ivory-white color and variable in size. Conclusively, it has been first confirmed that Chinese edible frogs, H. rugulosus, are highly infected with larval gnathostomes and spargana in this study. Consuming these frogs is considered a potential risk of human gnathostomiasis and sparganosis in Myanmar.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.119-122
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• 2005

Calcareous corpuscles are a characteristic structure found in larval and adult stage cestddes, These corpuscles are known to contain several protein components and to possess protein-binding activity. However, the proteins bound to calcareous corpuscles in situ have not been studied. The present study was undertaken to identify the proteins on calcareous corpuscles. Calcareous corpuscles were purified from the plerocercoids (= spargana) of Spirometra erinacei, and serially dissolved using 0.1 M sulfamic acid solution. Collected supernatants were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and silver staining. The results showed that only the fraction remaining after the 19th dissolved fraction contained proteins. A total of 20 protein molecules were detected in gel, with major bands at 56, 53, 46, 40, 35, 29, 28, 24.5, 21, 19, 16, 13, 10 and 8 kDa. In particular, the proteins corresponding to the 21 and 16 kDa bands were most abundant. Our results demonstrated for the first time the protein contents of the calcareous corpuscles of spargana. Further studies on the functions of these proteins are required.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1990

고양이 두개강 내에 주입된 스파르가눔의 형태와 운명을 파악하고 숙주의 항체형성 양상을 관찰하고자 102마리 의 스파르가눔을 22마리의 고양이의 뇌실질 내에 주입하고 2주, 1개월, 3개월, 6개월 후에 도살하여 충체의 희 수율 및 분포를 육안으로 확인하였고 스파르가눔 감염전, 감염후 1주, 2주, 1개월, 3개월, 6개월의 뇌척수액을 얻어 효소면역 법 (ELISA)을 이용하여 시G 항체가를 측정하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. 부검을 시행한 고양이 22마리 중 17마리에서 충체가 회수되었고, 뇌에 주입한 충체 총 102마리 중 43마리(42%)를 회수하였다. 충체의 두개강 내 분포는 경막하 또는 지주막하 공간에서 19마리(44%)가 검출되어 가장 많았고, 다음으로 뇌실질 내 16마리(37%), 측뇌실 내 2마리(5%)의 순이었다. 두개골의 판간층(diploic space)에 위치한 것이 1마리(2%)이었으며 두개골 외에서도 5마리(12%)가 관찰되었다. 이들 충체는 한 마리를 제외하고 모두 생존하고 있었으며 상당히 성장하여 있었다. 뇌에서 충체의 분포는 특별한 편중이 없이 전 부위에서 고르게 관찰되었고 척수에서는 검출되지 않았다. 2. ELISA를 이용하여 측정한 뇌척수액 내 IgG 항체가는 감염후 1개월부터 양성기준치 이상으로 증가하기 시작하여 감염후 3개월에는 현저하게 증가되었다. 고양이를 이용한 실험적 두개강 내 스파르가눔증은 주입한 충체의 약 400A 정도가 두개강 내에서 회수되므로 몇가지의 제약에도 불구하고 이 질병의 연구에 유용한 모델로 판단된다.