• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2011

The latitudinal variation of sunspots appearing during the period from 1874 to 2009 has been studied in terms of centerof-latitude (COL). The butterfly diagram has been used to study the evolution of the magnetic field and the dynamics at the bottom of the solar convection zone. Short-term periodicities have been of particular interest, in that they are somehow related to the structure and dynamics of the solar interior. We thus have focused our investigation on shortterm periodicities. We first calculated COL by averaging the latitude of sunspots with the weight function in area. Then, we analyzed the time series of COL using the wavelet transform technique. We found that a periodicity of ~5 years is the most dominant feature in the time series of COL, with the exception of the ~11 year solar cycle itself. This periodicity can be easily understood by considering small humps between the minima in the area-weighted butterfly diagram. However, we find that periodicities of ~1.3 (0.064), ~1.5 (0.056), or ~1.8 (0.046) years ($\frac{1}{month}$), month ), which have been previously suggested as evidence of links between the changing structure of the sunspot zone and the tachocline rotation rate oscillations, are insignificant and inconsistent. We therefore conclude that the only existing short-term periodicity is of ~5 years, and that periodicities of ~1.3, ~1.5, or ~1.8 years are likely to be artifacts due to random noise of small sunspots.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2006

When the stagnation temperature of a perfect gas increases, the specific heat for constant pressure and ratio of the specefic heats do not remain constant any more and start to vary with this temperature. The gas remains perfect: its state equation remains always valid, with exception that it will be named by calorically imperfect gas. The aim of this research is to develop the relations of the necessary thermodynamics and geometrical ratios. and to study the supersonic flow at high temperature. lower than the threshold of dissociation. The results are found by the resolution of nonlinear algebraic equations and integration of complex analytical functions where the exact calculation is impossible. The dichotomy method is used to solve the nonlinear equation. and the Simpson algorithm for the numerical integration of the found integrals. A condensation of the nodes is used. Since. the functions to be integrated have a high gradient at the extremity of the interval of integration. The comparison is made with the calorifcally perfect gas to determine the error made by this last. The application is made for the air in a supersonic nozzle.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-101
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• 2004

Information and communications technologies are affecting an economic and social transformation of all countries. Without exception international commercial dispute resolution systems are faced with change its mechanism to online technology. Dispute parties can seek redress through arbitration other than litigation or mediation. Traditional dispute resolutions do not match the cyber trade environment which is basically pursuit the speed and efficiency in cyberspace. Arbitration other than resolution methods have been considered to be match with the online environment which is including party autonomy, speed and internationally accepted and binding awards. Traditional arbitration, however is lack of time and different physical location relating all parties. So we now think cyberspace as for the resolving place which is online arbitration. Even the parties exist in different space and time they may meet in the same time and space without moving or trips. Nowadays there are many online arbitration service provider serving the resolution of dispute arising with online transaction. In this paper we study the tendency for online arbitration, the recognize uncertain matters and avoiding programs its matters when use the online arbitration between disputing parties under cyber trade environment.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.121-146
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• 2018

In traditional international law, a state was internationally responsible only for its activities. With the diversification of the subjects of international law and with the expansion of state's activities, however, bearing international responsibility by the state for its nationals or private enterprises has been recognised in international case law and states practices. Also, this was codified in 2001 by International Law Commission, finishing Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. Yet, international responsibility of state for private entities carrying out space activities including launching of satellites and space launch vehicles has been dealt with as an exception from state responsibility in general international law. As we have seen the successful launching of 'Falcon Heavy' by SpaceX which is an american private entity, the private activities in outer space are expanding to even as far as deep space such as Mars. In other words, the scope of the private activities is too enormous to deal with the activities, irrespective of general theories on state responsibility in international law. Therefore, it will be significant to see the constituent elements of state responsibility for private activities in outer space from the point of general international law, without prejudice to provisions related to international space law.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.7
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• pp.79-86
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• 1996

This study is searching the characteristics of transferred element in composition of architectural spaces ; it is ultimate goal that frame of reference is arranged system about path of horizontal direction is two-dimension and stairs of vertical in three-dimension as transferred element in Architectural plan. With the exception of stylized discussion or rhetorical analysis about these, it is analysed as element in physical order of a whole architecture in relation to another elements in composition of architecture spaces. And one who is perceptible and cognitive through spaces is the subject. Consequently , these elements are classified concept of location and circulation. And it can't think that the formal is divided the latter for accept behavior of pedestrican and thinking system to consider verticality and time property is absolutely conceptual elements in space of architectural plan.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.7-19
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• 1972

The studies of density effect or the effect of population density on plant growth have been done on basis of dry matter production with Raphanus acanthiformis var. simoodaeguen, Brassica campestris var. Pekinensis f. namsounsokoombecheu, Oryza sativa f. kimmajae and O. sativa f. mangyeng grown in the various spacing. 1. In the early period of plant growth in dry weight was not different each other among varying densities, but as time advanced the plant grown vast space grew sufficiently compared with those of narrow one. 2. Iogarithmic relation between the growth of plant (W) and the density (P), log W-log P in the material plants, were approximated by two straight lines, one was horizontal line and another inclined: the former showed non-competition density and the latter competition density addition to these the point interlinking both lines were implied of the optimum density per unit land area at certain growth period. 3. The values of relatvie growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were decreased as increase in the density, while those of leaf area ratio (LAR) were rather increased in the same condition, with minor exception. From these results and relation between the productive structure and due to lack of the recieved light intensity owing to the mutal shading among the plants.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.364-370
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• 1996

Sediments collected from the Jungnang-cheon and its tributaries were used to enumerate anaerobic bacteria by most probable number (MPN) methods. A simple method was developed to detect ferrous ion in the culture fluid in order to count the number of iron ion reducers, and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogens were detected by the presence of FeS precipitate in the culture or methane in the head space, respectively. The numbers of iron reducer was in the range of 10$^{7}$ - 10$^{8}$ /g in the sediment of the stream containing higher organic content than the tributaries. The sediments of tributaries were analyzed to contain iron reducers less than 10$^{7}$ cells/g. With one exception the numbers of SRB and methanogens were less than 10$^{3}$ cells/g in the sediment. From these results it is concluded that organics in the sediment support the growth of iron reducers, which out-compete SRB and methanogens.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.4774-4796
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• 2018

Wireless sensor networks are composed of a large number of inexpensive and tiny sensors used in different areas including military, industry, agriculture, space, and environment. Fault tolerance, which is considered a challenging task in these networks, is defined as the ability of the system to offer an appropriate level of functionality in the event of failures. The present study proposed an intelligent throughput descent and distributed energy-efficient mechanism in order to improve fault tolerance of the system against soft and permanent faults. This mechanism includes determining the intelligent neighborhood radius threshold, the intelligent neighborhood nodes number threshold, customizing the base paper algorithm for distributed systems, redefining the base paper scenarios for failure detection procedure to predict network behavior when running into soft and permanent faults, and some cases have been described for handling failure exception procedures. The experimental results from simulation indicate that the proposed mechanism was able to improve network throughput, fault detection accuracy, reliability, and network lifetime with respect to the base paper.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.725-728
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 Embedded 시스템에서 Windows CE 내에 사용되고 있는 불필요한 메모리를 최소화하고 메모리를 좀 더 효율적으로 관리하기 위한 방안으로 가비지컬렉터를 이용한 메모리관리 방법에 대한 연구이다. Embedded 시스템의 힙 메모리 내에 수집할 수 있는 방법 중 전체수집과, 부분수집에 대하여 살펴본다. 가비지컬렉터가 응용 프로그램에서 더 이상 사용하지 않는 힙 내에 개체가 있는지 확인하고, 힙에 대해 사용할 수 있는 메모리가 더 이상 없을 경우 새 연산자가 Out Of Memory Exception를 실행하게 된다. 실험부분에서 가비지컬렉터의 개체사용 여부를 실험한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.305-309
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• 2000

In this paper, we presents a new methodology for face recognition after analysing conventional ICA(Independent Component Analysis) based approach. In the literature we found that ICA based methods have followed the same procedure without any exception, first PCA(Principal Component Analysis) has been used for feature extraction, next ICA learning method has been applied for feature enhancement in the reduced dimension. However, it is contradiction that features are extracted using higher order moments depend on variance, the second order statistics. It is not considered that a necessary component can be located in the discarded feature space. In the new methodology, features are extracted using the magnitude of kurtosis(4-th order central moment or cumulant). This corresponds to the PCA based feature extraction using eigenvalue(2nd order central moment or variance). The synergy effect of PCA and ICA can be achieved if PCA is used for noise reduction filter. ICA methodology is analysed using SVD(Singular Value Decomposition). PCA does whitening and noise reduction. ICA performs the feature extraction. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the methodology compared to the conventional ICA approach.