• Title/Summary/Keyword: space grid structure

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The Stones of Seokguram Speak: Floor Plan and Wall Design of Seokbulsa Grotto (석굴암의 돌은 말한다: 석불사 석굴의 건축 평면과 벽면 설계)

  • Yoon, Chae-Shin
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.21-37
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the original floor plan and wall design of Seokbulsa Grotto in Kyungju; commonly known as 'Seokguram'. The paper presents an array of dimensional studies of the existing Seokguram to examine its architectural form, and infers the original floor plan and wall design of Seokbulsa Grotto. Seokbulsa Grotto is designed as a system of 'coherent modules' and was constructed using the dry stone method, which interlocks large stone modules into a whole that becomes the load-bearing structure itself. The design principles governing Seokbulsa Grotto are the spatial axis of symmetry, modular coordination, and the layout grid of a quarter Tang-Ruler(TR: 唐尺). Dimensional studies were conducted with these governing principles in mind and concludes the following about the original floor plan design. In the main chamber, Ansang-stone's radius is 12 TR, and Flagstone's radius is 12¼ TR. In the front chamber, the width between the two Ansang-stones facing each other is 22 TR and the longitudinal space depth is 12 TR, while the width between the two Flagstones facing each other is 22½ TR and Flagstone's depth is 12 TR. In the passageway, the width between the two Ansang-stones facing each other is 11½ TR and longitudinal space depth is 9 TR, while the width between the two Flagstones facing each other is 12 TR and Flagstone's depth is 7¾ TR. The distance from the center to the entrance line of the main chamber is 10½ TR. Therefore, the total longitudinal length of the Grotto is 43½ TR at the level of the Ansang-stones, and 44 TR at the level of the Flagstones.

Population Allocation at the Building level for Micro-level Urban Simulation: A Case of Jeonju, Korea

  • Kim, Dohyung;Cho, Dongin
    • Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.223-239
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    • 2020
  • It is important for urban planners and policy makers to understand complex, diverse urban demands and social structure, but this is not easy due to lack of data that represents the dynamics of residents at micro-geographical level. This paper explores how to create population data at at a micro-level by allocating population data to building. It attempted to allocate population data stored in a grid layer (100 meters by 100 meters) into a building footprint layer that represents the appearance of physical buildings. For the allocation, this paper describes a systemic approach that classifies grid cells into five prototypical patterns based on the composition of residential building types in a grid cell. This approach enhances allocation accuracy by accommodating heterogeneity of urban space rather than relying on the assumption of uniform spatial homogeneity of populations within an aerial unit. Unlike the methods that disaggregate population data to the parcel, this approach is more applicable to Asian cities where large multifamily residential parcels are common. However, it should be noted that this paper does not demonstrate the validity of the allocated population since there is a lack of the actual data available to be compared with the current estimated population. In the case of water and electricity, the data is already attached to an individual address, and hence, it can be considered to the purpose of the validation for the allocation. By doing so, it will be possible to identify innovative methods that create a population distribution dataset representing the comprehensive and dynamic nature of the population at the micro geographical level.

Two dimensional variable-length vector storage format for efficient storage of sparse matrix in the finite element method (유한요소법에서 희소행렬의 효율적인 저장을 위한 2차원 가변길이 벡터 저장구조)

  • Boo, Hee-Hyung;Kim, Sung-Ho
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.17 no.9
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    • pp.9-16
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    • 2012
  • In this paper, we propose the two dimensional variable-length vector storage format which can be used for efficient storage of sparse matrix in the FEM (finite element method). The proposed storage format is the method storing only actual needed non-zero values of each row on upper triangular matrix with the total rows N, by using two dimensional variable-length vector instead of $N{\times}N$ large sparse matrix of entire equation of finite elements. This method only needs storage spaces of the number of minimum 1 to maximum 5 in 2D grid structure and the number of minimum 1 to maximum 14 in 3D grid structure of analysis target. The number doesn't excess two times although involving index number. From the experimental result, we can find out that the proposed storage format can reduce the memory space more effectively, as the total number of nodes increases, than the existing skyline storage format storing maximum column height.

Study on Structural Stability Analysis of Excavation Stage Considering Excavation Process and Supporting Materials in Room-and-Pillar Underground Space (격자형 지하공간에서 굴착 공정과 지보재를 고려한 굴착 단계별 구조 안정성 해석 연구)

  • Soon-Wook, Choi;Soo-Ho, Chang;Tae-Ho, Kang;Chulho, Lee
    • Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.21-29
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    • 2022
  • The room-and-pillar method or grid-type underground space is a method of forming a space by excavating the excavation part at regular intervals so that it is orthogonal and using natural rock mass as a structure. Such excavation may appear different in size from the excavation stage where the maximum displacement occurs depending on the excavation direction and sequence. In this study, considering the installation of support materials such as shotcrete and rock bolts for the optimal design of the excavation process, the safety and constructability of the design and construction of the grid-type underground space under specific ground conditions were analytically reviewed. The ground conditions were set using an numerical method, and the stress at pillar and displacement at center of room were considered for each excavation stage and construction type under a constant surcharge. The height of the space was 8m, which was set higher than the size of a general office, and was reviewed in consideration of equipment and plant facilities. In addition, the degree of displacement control according to the installation of support materials was reviewed in consideration of shotcrete and rock bolts.

UNSTEADY AERODYNAMIC ANALISES OF SPACE ROCKET CONFIGURATION CONSIDERING PITCHING MOTION (피칭운동을 고려한 우주발사체 형상의 천음속 비정상 유동해석)

  • Kim, D.H.;Kim, Y.H.;Kim, D.H.;Yoon, S.H.;Kim, G.S.;Jang, Y.H.;Kim, S.H.
    • Journal of computational fluids engineering
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.53-59
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    • 2011
  • In this study, steady and unsteady aerodynamic analyses of a huge rocket configuration have been conducted in a transonic flow region. The launch vehicle structural response are coupled with the transonic flow state transitions at the nose of the payload fairing. Before performing the coupled fluid-structure transonic aeroealstic simulations transonic aerodynamic characteristics are investigated for the pitching motions of the rocket at finite angle-of-attack. An unsteady CFD analysis method with a moving grid technique based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the k-w SST transition turbulence model is applied to accurately predict the transonic loads of the rocket at pitching motion. It is shown that the fluctuating amplitude of the lateral aerodynamic loads imposed on the rocket due to the pitching motion can be significantly increased in the transonic flow region.

Capturing the Underlying Structure of a 'Segment-line' City: Its Configurational Evolution and Functional Implications

  • Ling, Michelle Xiaohong
    • International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.139-147
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    • 2017
  • Analyzing morphological evolution over a long period of time is deemed an effective way to identify problems occurring in the process of urban development, in addition to achieving a fundamental understanding of socio-cultural changes and growth rooted from the context. As far as the urban morphology is concerned, Hong Kong is characterized by its unique high-density and compact layout patterns, which have aroused the interest of a number of authors in the urban design domain. Whilst an increasing number of redevelopment projects in Hong Kong were criticized for ignoring and destroying the old urban fabric, there is a need for research to investigate the origins and changes of various urban patterns and their implications for society. By employing the theories and techniques of space syntax, this paper accordingly provides a morphological analysis based on the Wanchai District - a 'Segment-line' city, which particularly epitomizes various urban grids of Hong Kong and may have different implications for functional aspects. By axial-mapping the urban layouts of five stages of growth since 1842 and subsequently investigating their spatial and functional transformation over the past 170 years, this paper identifies a series of spatial characteristics underlying different grid patterns, as well as achieves a precise understanding of their ever changing relationship. Based on these understandings, this paper intends to provide valuable reference and guidance for upcoming spatial development in Hong Kong and other regions.

A Comparison of Superpixel Characteristics based on SLIC(Simple Linear Iterative Clustering) for Color Feature Spaces (칼라특징공간별 SLIC기반 슈퍼픽셀의 특성비교)

  • Lee, Jeong Hwan
    • Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.151-160
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    • 2014
  • In this paper, a comparison of superpixel characteristics based on SLIC(simple linear iterative clustering) for several color feature spaces is presented. Computer vision applications have come to rely increasingly on superpixels in recent years. Superpixel algorithms group pixels into perceptually meaningful atomic regions, which can be used to replace the rigid structure of the pixel grid. A superpixel is consist of pixels with similar features such as luminance, color, textures etc. Thus superpixels are more efficient than pixels in case of large scale image processing. Generally superpixel characteristics are described by uniformity, boundary precision and recall, compactness. However previous methods only generate superpixels a special color space but lack researches on superpixel characteristics. Therefore we present superpixel characteristics based on SLIC as known popular. In this paper, Lab, Luv, LCH, HSV, YIQ and RGB color feature spaces are used. Uniformity, compactness, boundary precision and recall are measured for comparing characteristics of superpixel. For computer simulation, Berkeley image database(BSD300) is used and Lab color space is superior to the others by the experimental results.

A Study on the Electromagnetic wave properties of microstrip antenna using finite difference time domain method (FDTD법을 이용한 마이크로스트립 안테나의 전자파 특성에 관한 연구)

  • 홍용인;정명덕;홍성일;이흥기
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.2 no.4
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    • pp.653-660
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    • 1998
  • The purpose of this paper is to analyze the electromagnetic field characteristics of microstrip array antenna with the FDTD(finite difference-time domain method). Finite difference equations of Maxwell's equations are defined in rectangular coordinate systems. To simulate the unbounded problem like a free space, the Mur's absorbing boundary condition is also used. After modeling the microstrip array antenna with the grid structure, the transient response of the field distribution is depicted in the time domain.

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Development of Matrix Converter for Grid-Connected Wind Power Generation (풍력발전 계통연계를 위한 매트릭스 컨버터의 개발)

  • Choi, Nam-Sup;Li, Yulong;Han, Byung-Moon;Ko, Jong-Sun;Nho, Eui-Cheol
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 2007.04c
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    • pp.208-210
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    • 2007
  • As a renewable power source, wind power generation has been research interest for many years. And power electronic converters have been developed and applied in variable speed wind turbines. This paper presents the basic development and implementation of space-vector modulated three phase AC-AC matrix converter for variable speed wind power system. Basic matrix converter operation is described, where a new bidirectional switch structure with commutation circuit is used. Finally, experiment results of basic converter operation are shown.

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A study on the electromagnetic wave properties of the leaky coaxial cable with the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm (유한차분 시간영역 알고리듬을 이용한 누설 동축 케이블의 전자파 특성에 관한 연구)

  • 홍용인;김정기
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.21 no.11
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    • pp.2954-2965
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    • 1996
  • In this paper, the electromagnetic field characteristics of leaky caxial cable are anlyzed by using the finite difference-time domain(FDTD) technique. Finite difference equations of Maxwell's equations are definedin cylindrical coordinate systems. To simulate the open boundary problem like a free space, the Mur's Absorbing Boundary condition(Mur-ABC) is also used. After modeling the leaky coaxial cable with the three dimensional grid structure, the transient response of the field distribution and the current distribution, the field pattern, the coupling effect are depicted in the time domain.

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