• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.226-236
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• 2019

In this study, functional and emulsifying properties of oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide from balloonflower(Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC) seeds were investigated. The oil was lower in total polyphenol content(8 mg/100 g), but higher in ${\alpha}$-tocopherol(14.15 mg/100 g), ${\beta}$-sitosterol(116 mg/100 g) and stigmasterol(8 mg/100 g) contents than seeds. Based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, the oil($IC_{50}=1235.5{\mu}g/mL$) showed similar antioxidant activity to the seeds($IC_{50}=1138.2{\mu}g/mL$). At 1%(w/w) lecithin, O/W emulsion with balloonflower seeds oil had turbidity, microscopic image, mean particle size and emulsion stability similar to emulsion with soybean oil, but had lower turbidity and emulsion stability and larger mean particle size than emulsion with perilla seeds oil. Its surface tension was similar to perilla oil emulsion.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1244-1251
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• 2020

Phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) from Streptomyces violaceoruber is a lipolytic enzyme used in a wide range of industrial applications including production of lysolecithins and enzymatic degumming of edible oils. We have therefore investigated expression and secretion of PLA₂ in two workhorse microbes, Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. The PLA₂ was produced to an activity of 0.517 ± 0.012 U/ml in the culture broth of the recombinant P. pastoris. On the other hand, recombinant E. coli BL21 star (DE3), overexpressing the authentic PLA₂ (P-PLA₂), showed activity of 17.0 ± 1.3 U/ml in the intracellular fraction and 21.7 ± 0.7 U/ml in the culture broth. The extracellular PLA2 activity obtained with the recombinant E. coli system was 3.2-fold higher than the corresponding value reached in a previous study, which employed recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3) overexpressing codon-optimized PLA₂. Finally, we observed that the extracellular PLA₂ from the recombinant E. coli P-PLA₂ culture was able to hydrolyze 31.1 g/l of crude soybean lecithin, an industrial substrate, to a conversion yield of approximately 95%. The newly developed E. coli-based PLA₂ expression system led to extracellular production of PLA₂ to a productivity of 678 U/l·h, corresponding to 157-fold higher than that obtained with the P. pastoris-based system. This study will contribute to the extracellular production of a catalytically active PLA₂.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.694-699
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• 1997

Normal-phase HPLC was used to separate the useful phospholipids, PE, PI and PC in soybean lecithin. The mobile phase used in this experiments were haxane, isopropanol and methanol, the gradient mode was applied as the three components could not be separated by the isocratic mode. To find the optimum separation condition, the concentration profiles of effluents were calculated from the plate theory and the capacity factor in step-gradient mode. From the calculated results, PE was separated with hexane/isopropanol/methanol = 90/5/5vol.% in isocratic mode and PI and PC were resolved in the conditions of 10min gradient time and the second mobile phase of hexane/isopropanol/methanol=50/20/30vol.% in step-gradient mode. The agreement between the calculated concentration profile and experimental data was good, so the methodology developed in this work can be used to obtain the optimum separation condition in gradient mode.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.202-206
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• 2006

The oxidation stability of fish oil containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which is very susceptible to oxidative deterioration, needs to be improved before it can be successfully applied to functional foods. The antioxidant activities of 17 species of materials in anchovy oil (AO) were compared and a potent antioxidant was determined to improve the shelf-life of refined AO. Antioxidant activities of the 0.05% (w/w) materials in AO were compared against control during storage at $30^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. While no antioxidant effect was shown in alpha tocopherol against control, 3 species of grapefruit seed extracts (GSEs), astaxanthin (AX), soybean lecithin, and green tea extract showed good antioxidant activities. Especially, GSE B, GSE C, and AX showed significantly high peroxide inhibitory activities (PIAs) of $16.2{\pm}2.1$, $20.{\pm}3.5$, and $17.7{\pm}3.5%$, respectively, after the 4th day (p<0.01). Radical scavenging activities (RSAs) of GSE B, GSE C, and AX were $85.1{\pm}0.8$, $95.3{\pm}0.3$, and $85.9{\pm}0.8%$, respectively. Correlation between PIAs and RSAs was high ($R^2=0.926$) in GSE B, GSE C, and AX. Therefore, we concluded that one of the main antioxidative mechanisms of GSEs and AX must operate through an RSA pathway. The $RC_{50}$ (concentration required for 50% reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, DPPH) of GSE C was $258\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.280-285
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• 2009

Powdery and downy mildews caused by Sphaerotheca fusca and Pseudoperonospora cubensis are the most common and serious diseases of cucumber worldwide. In spite of the introduction of highly effective systemic fungicides, control of these diseases remains elusive. Hence, this study aimed to develop an alternative method to chemicals in controlling the diseases by using different types of cooking oil. Egg yolk, which contains a natural emulsifier, lecithin, was selected as a surfactant to emulsify the oils. Among the different cooking oils used, soybean, canola (rape seed), safflower, sunflower, olive, and corn oils showed over 95% control values against powdery mildew of cucumber in a greenhouse test. In particular, 0.3% canola oil emulsified with 0.08% yolk (1 yolk and 60 ml canola in 20 l spray) was found to be the most effective. The treatment resulted in 98.9% and 96.3% control efficacies on powdery and downy mildews, respectively, of cucumber in the field. Canola oil exhibited direct and systemic effect, wherein powdery mildew of cucumber was suppressed only on treated leaves but not on non-treated leaves in a plant, while mycelia and conidia of the pathogen were severely distorted or destroyed by the treatment. The prospect of using the canola oil and yolk mixture as a natural fungicide is highly promising because of its effectiveness, availability, low cost, simple preparation, and safety to humans and the environment. The use of the canola oil and yolk mixture is expected to be an effective fungicide for use in organic farming and home gardening.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 1992

Antioxidative effects of crude ethanol extract of the Rhus javanica L. and its fractionates with various synergists on the oxidation of palm oil, lard and soybean oil were compared with induction period(IP) using a Rancimat test. Addition of 200 ppm of the crude extract with phosphoric acid to palm oil extended IP 2.89 times as much as that of control and ethyl acetate fractionate extended IP 4.18 times at the same condition. To lard, 600 ppm of chloroform fraction with 200 ppm of ${\delta}-Tocopherol$ extended IP 13.42 times as much as that of control. 200 ppm of each fraction with various synergists were added to palm oil and lard, and oxidative stability of the oils were monitored by measuring POV, AV, and TBA value. The POV of palm oil containing 200 ppm of ethyl acetate and chloroform fraction with 200 ppm of phosphoric acid after 27 days storage at $60^{\circ}C$ were 8.9 meq/kg and 9.4 meq/kg respectively while the POV of control was 98.3 meq/kg at the same condition. AV and TBA value were also lower than that of control. The POV value of lard containing same amount of ethyl acetate and chloroform fraction with ${\delta}-Tocopherol$ after 12 day storage at $60^{\circ}C$ were 20.0meq/kg and 10.7 meq/kg respectively while the POV of control was 161.1 meq/kg at the same condition. AV and TBA value were also lower than that of control.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.592-599
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• 2019

This study is to stabilize insoluble and unstable active ingredient which is Idebenone (INCI name: hydroxydecyl ubiquinone) in a multi-lamellar vesicle (MLV) and to stabilize it in the skin care cosmetics. Idebenone is good effective raw material in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the medical field and a powerful antioxidant in dermatology. It is well known as a substance that inhibits the formation of melanin and cleans the skin pigment. However, it did not dissolve in any solvent and it was difficult to apply in cosmetic applications. Niosome vesicle was able to develop a nano-particle by making a multi-layer of idebenone encapsulated with a nonionic surfactant, hydrogenated lecithin and glycine soja (soybean) sterols and passing it through a high pressure microfluidizer. Idebenone niosome vesicle (INV) has been developed to have the ability to dissolve transparently in water and to promote transdermal penetration. The appearance of the INV was a yellowish liquid having specific odor, and the particle size distribution of INV was about 10~80 nm. The pH was 5~8 (mean=6.8). This capsulation with idebenone was stored in a $45^{\circ}C$ incubator for 3 months and its stability was observed and quantitatively measured by HPLC. As a result, the stability of the sample encapsulated in the niosome vesicle (97.5%) was about 66.3% higher than that of the non-capsule sample of 32.5%. Idebenone 1% INV was used for the efficacy test and clinical trial evaluation as follows. The anti-oxidative activity of INV was 38.2%, which was superior to that of 12.8% tocopherol (control). The melanin-reducing effect of B16 melanoma cells was better than INV (17.4%) and Albutin (control) (9.6%). Pro-collagen synthesis rate was 128.2% for INV and 89.3% for tocopherol (control). The skin moisturizing effect was 15.5% better than the placebo sample. The elasticity effect was 9.7% better than the placebo sample. As an application field, INV containing 1% of idebenone is expected to be able to develop various functional cosmetic formulations such as skin toner, ampoule essence, cream, eye cream and sunblock cream. In addition, it is expected that this encapsulated material will be widely applicable to emulsifying agents for skin use in the pharmaceutical industry as well as the cosmetics industry.