• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.973-983
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• 2014

This study focused on the selection of appropriate plant species of VFS (vegetative fiter strips) and the assessment of VFS effects for reducing NPS (non-point source) pollution from uplands. The experimental field was constructed with 1 control and 6 treated plots in the upland area of $1,500m^2$ with 5% slope which is located in Gunwi-gun, Gyeongbuk province. Six vegetation including Chufa, Common crabgrass, Barnyard grass, Turf grass, Tall fescue, Kenturky bluegrass, were applied to install VFS systems during the study period from June 2011 to Dec. 2012. The results of this study showed that 6.1~77.8% in runoff and 15.6~90.3% in TS, 49.9~96.6% in T-P, and 6.7~91.1% in T-N were reduced from the VFS treated plots. Generally high reduction effects were observed from TS, T-P, T-N, and SS, while BOD, TOC, and $NO_3^-$ showed low reductions. The best vegetation type was Turf grass showing higher reduction effects of NPS pollutions and having relatively easier maintenance efforts compared to other vegetations selected in this study. Based on these results, VFS technique found to be an effective management practice for reducing agricultural NPS pollutions in Korean upland conditions. Further study needs to be performed through various field experiments with long term monitoring in order to develop a design manual of VFS system for practical applications.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1647-1661
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• 2011

The Government had devised legislation of Special Act and drew up guidelines for improving air quality in Seoul Metropolitan area. In 2007 local government of Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi conducted the results of application policy by reduced air pollutants emission for the first time. Although there was reduction of air pollutant emission in each local government, it was ineffective as expected using air pollution monitoring database. Therefore we worked out a way to prepare modeling input data using the results of enforcement plan. And we simulated surface $NO_2$ and PM10 before and after decrease in air pollutants emission and examine reduction effects of air pollution according to enforcement regulation except other influence, by using MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ system. Each local government calculated the amount of emission reduction under application policy, and we developed to prepare input data so as to apply to SMOKE system using emission reduction of enforcement plan. Distribution factor of emission reduction were classified into detailed source and fuel codes using code mapping method in order to allocate the decreased emission. The code mapping method also included a way to allocate spatial distribution by CAPSS distribution. According to predicted result using the reduction of NOx emission, $NO_2$ concentration was decreased from 19.1 ppb to 18.0 ppb in Seoul. In Gyeonggi and Incheon $NO^2$ concentrations were down to 0.65 ppb and 0.68 ppb after application of enforcement plan. PM10 concentration was reduced from 18.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 17.5 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in Seoul. In Gyeonggi PM10 concentration was down to 0.51 ${\mu}g/m^3$ and in Incheon PM10 concentration was decreased about 0.47 ${\mu}g/m^3$ which was the lower concentration than any other cities.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.3 s.95
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• pp.215-222
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• 2001

A statistical analysis was performed to evaluate relationships among the pollutant concentrations in non-urban area. The data obtained from two subcatchments in Hwa-Ong watershed during 1999 was used for correlation and regression analyses. Strong correlations were observed among the SS, COD, and TP, while it was not significant with TN. The reason fer weak correlation with TN might be that TN was high in dry-days and runoff in wet-days could not increase enough to change it substantially like in other pollutants. The correlations were stronger for the data in wet-days than in dry-days, and it was influenced by watershed characteristics. While TP-COD showed linear relationship from the regression analysis, SS-TP and SS-COD shelved intrinsically linear relationship between log-transformed TP and COD data and non-transformed SS data. The TP-COD showed strong relationship for all the combinations of monitored data, which implies that these two constituent concentrations varied in a similar pattern. The regression equations reported in the paper might be used to estimate one pollutant concentration from the other in pollutant loading estimates, and its application could be expanded to other non-urban watersheds if their characteristics are not significantly different from the study area. In water quality management projects, rigorous monitoring and its thorough evaluation are recommended to develop more reliable relationships among the pollutant concentrations which could be used in other area.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.242-256
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• 2003

This study aimed to determine the relationship between rainfall-discharge patterns and maior aquatic environmental factors in a river-type reservoir. Specifically, daily monitoring was conducted in Paltang Reservoir from January 1999 to December 2001. Observation of the daily changes of the environment factors showed that natural meteorological factors and hydrological factors causing the change of water discharge had a major effect on the aquatic environment. Rainfall was the main source of hydrological changes, with its frequency a possible direct variable governing the range of discharge changes. Rainfall was weak in November${\sim}$May and heavy in June${\sim}$October (heavist in summer). The range of water discharge was greatest during summer (July to September) and lowest during winter (January to February). A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that aquatic environmental factors could be classified into three different types in the pattern of annual variation. First, type I included water temperature, turbidity, water color and organic matter (COD), which increased with increasing water discharge. Second, type ll consisted of DO and pH, which decreased with increasing water discharge. Third, type III included conductivity, alkalinity and chloride ion, which showed middle values with increasing water discharge. Monthly variation of aquatic environments explained by the first two dimensions of the PCA suggests that aquatic environments of Paltang Reservoir may have annual cycle typical of river-type reservoirs depending on hydrological factor such as water discharge.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.813-827
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic inputs on soil properties in a newly reclaimed organic soils. The soil of the experiment site was very low in soil fertility and the physico-chemical properties were poor. Several organic input treatments with different source of nutrient were placed, including compost in combination with green manures for organic agricultural practices, chemical fertilizers for conventional agricultural practices, and control without fertilizer. The experiment was conducted with continuous cropping system during 3 years. The chemical properties concentration in compost+green manure treatment was increased continually compare to control and chemical fertilizer treatment, and closed to the recommended rate of fertilizer. The organic matter value for compost+green manure treatment was increased from 0.86~0.96% to 2.00~2.29% by continuous nutrient supply of compost and green manure. However, further investigation on increasing of organic matter value for 3 years is necessary to monitor carefully during the long-term because it will help to clarify the all mechanisms of organic matter on organic input application way. The available phosphate value for compost+green manure treatment was generally increased from 21.9~27.1 mg/kg to 182.0~394.1 mg/kg. In case of exchange cation, the concentration for compost+green manure treatment was increased during 2 years within the range to the recommended rate of fertilizer, however, it is expected to cause a rather over supply for 3 years.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.886-894
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• 2013

The National Standard Food Composition Table published by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) provides the foundations in research, nutrition monitoring, policy and dietary practices in Korea. This databases consists of several sets of data including food descriptions, nutrients, portion weights, and source of data. The National Standard Food Composition Table have been published since 1970 and, recently, new version (8th edition) of Food Composition Table which has quantitative and qualitative nutrient data is released in 2011. In addition, the User-friendly Food Composition Table is divided into adult, children, and elderly categories depending on the subjects because we need different nutrients according to various ages. The Tables of Food Functional Composition is firstly edited in 2009. RDA published the minerals and fatty acids composition table, tables of amino acid, fat-soluble vitamin composition table, and the cholesterol table. The resulting database will be widely used. The users of the databases are from diverse fields, includeing federal agencies, the food industry, health professionals, restaurants, software application developers, academia and research organizations, international organizations, and foreign governments ect. Therefore, consistent improvements of the database is important, so that people can better address such health challenges by providing reliable and accurate data.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.83-101
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• 2005

Because of its strong potential for health hazards, the concentration levels of airborne lead (Pb) have been circumscribed by environmental laws in many countries. In this study, we made a comparative study on the environmental behavior of Pb for the acquisition of its distribution characteristics using data sets collected from major cities in Korea for a period of 6 years (1998 through 2003). According to this study, Pb concentration decreased slowly in most industrialized cities of Koreathroughout the whole study. period. In contrast, such temporal signals were not evident in data sets collected from residential, commercial, and grassland areas. Although seasonal patterns generally exhibited the occurrences of high Pb concentration during the spring, results appear to reflect the influence of Asian Dust (AD) in the springtime. The results of our study clearly indicate that Pb distribution is strongly influencedby source types in relation to their land use patterns. Comparison of our Pb data sets with that of other countries indicates that Pb concentration levels obtained from relatively cleaner districts of Korea are still significantly higher than other countries. The results of this analysis generally indicate that Pb concentrations in most areas are affected by the type and strength of man-made activities. Considering that most areas are affected by a variety of pollutants, continuous efforts are needed to control Pb concentrations in the atmosphere.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2017

The best source of information on the conservation status of species at a global scale is the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Until now, 236 vascular plants from Korean peninsula have been evaluated using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. It indicated that five taxa were considered as critically endangered, 20 as endangered and nine as vulnerable species as a threatened status. On the other hand, the rest (189 taxa) were assessed as a least concern, which did not qualify for threatened species categories. Korea Ministry of Environment published a revised version of 57 species list by re-classifying endangered species with idiosyncratic qualitative criteria for two levels (I and II) followed by status reviews in 2011. However, two thirds species proposed by Ministry of Environment do not qualify as threatened. The major difficulties found in applying IUCN Red List criteria at the global scale was a lack of knowledge on the status of species at broader geographic scales and the perceived difficulty the causes. The lack of consistency between two lists constrains the prioritization of species-based conservation work at the national level. Due to a lack of centralized monitoring data for most species, this status is largely qualitatively and so it carries a high level of uncertainty. This is reflected in the high number of species with an unknown population trend. The current list of endangered species of flora and fauna by the Ministry of Environment should be recognized as the national list (local and population extinction), which is different from the IUCN Red list due to the different geographical contexts. Also, it is necessary to improve the quality of evaluation and conservation management system rather than presenting massive number of endangered species list.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3139-3145
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• 2016

Cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by irregular cell growth. Cytotoxicity or killing tumor cells that divide rapidly is the basic function of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, these agents can damage normal dividing cells, leading to adverse effects in the body. In view of great advances in cancer therapy, which are increasingly reported each year, we quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated the papers published between 1981 and December 2015, with a closer look at the highly cited papers (HCPs), for a better understanding of literature related to cytotoxicity in cancer therapy. Online documents in the Web of Science (WOS) database were analyzed based on the publication year, the number of times they were cited, research area, source, language, document type, countries, organization-enhanced and funding agencies. A total of 3,473 publications relevant to the target key words were found in the WOS database over 35 years and 86% of them (n=2,993) were published between 2000-2015. These papers had been cited 54,330 times without self-citation from 1981 to 2015. Of the 3,473 publications, 17 (3,557citations) were the most frequently cited ones between 2005 and 2015. The topmost HCP was about generating a comprehensive preclinical database (CCLE) with 825 (23.2%) citations. One third of the remaining HCPs had focused on drug discovery through improving conventional therapeutic agents such as metformin and ginseng. Another 33% of the HCPs concerned engineered nanoparticles (NPs) such as polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendritic polymers, PTX/SPIO-loaded PLGAs and cell-derived NPs to increase drug effectiveness and decrease drug toxicity in cancer therapy. The remaining HCPs reported novel factors such as miR-205, Nrf2 and p27 suggesting their interference with development of cancer in targeted cancer therapy. In conclusion, analysis of 35-year publications and HCPs on cytotoxicity in cancer in the present report provides opportunities for a better understanding the extent of topics published and may help future research in this area.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 2007

This study was conducted to understand the source and behavior of organic matter using the fluorescent technique (excitation-emission matrix) as a part of environmental monitoring program in the Korea manganese nodule mining site in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Water samples were collected at $0^{\circ},\;6^{\circ}N$, and $10.5^{\circ}N$ along $131.5^{\circ}W$ in August 2005. The concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) ranged from 58.01 to $171.93\;{\mu}M-C$. The vertical distribution of TOC was characterized as higher in the surface layer and decreased with depth. At $6^{\circ}N$, depth-integrated (from surface to 200 m depth) TOC was $337.1\;gC/m^2$, which was 1.4 times higher value than other stations. The exponential decay curve fit of vertical profile of TOC indicated that 59% of organic carbon produced by primary production in the surface layer could be decomposed by bacteria in the water column. Dissolved organic matter is generally classified into two distinctive groups based on their fluorescence characteristics using three-dimensional excitation/emission (Ex/Em) fluorescence mapping technique. One is known as biomacromolecule (BM; protein-like substance; showing max. at Ex 280/Em 330), mainly originated from biological metabolism. The other is geomacromolecule (GM; humic-like substance; showing max. at Ex 330/Em 430), mainly originated from microbial degradation processes. The concentration of BM and GM was from 0.42 to 7.29 TU (tryptophan unit) and from 0.06 to 1.81 QSU (quinine sulfate unit), respectively. The vertical distribution of BM was similar to that of TOC as high in the surface and decreased with depth. However, the vertical distribution of GM showed the reverse pattern of that of BM. From these results, it appeared that BM occupied a major part of TOC and was rapidly consumed by bacteria in the surface layer. GM was mainly transformed from BM by microbial processes and was a dominant component of TOC in the deep-sea layer.