• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.89-101
• /
• 2015

The sour gas is natural gas containing components such as hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide that form acids when mixed with water. Element sulfur precipitates from sour gas when reservoir pressure and temperature decrease. According to the International Energy Agency, about 43% of the world's natural gas reserves(2,580 tcf or 73.057 tcm), excluding North America, are sour. The sour gas is often derived from the Germanic word 'sauer or acidic' and the etymology referred to as 'sour'. Sour gas requires special handling and infrastructure because it contains significant amounts of hydrogen sulphide, making it highly corrosive, flammable and explosive, and there fore more costly and dangerous to process. So the business of sour gas is affected by two important factors: the economic value of the gas, and the methods used in its production. According to be analyzed in the academic literature to sour gas(2000~2014) by the program of 'web of science', the research activities 145 papers in sour gas.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.288-295
• /
• 2008

The increase use of natural gas as an energy source has been continuous demand for ever-increasing strength in gas transmission pipeline materials in order to achieve safe and economic transportation of natural gas. In particular, linepipe material for sour gas service primarily needs to have crack resistant property. However, applications of sour linepipes are expanding toward deep water or cold region, which require higher toughness and/or heavier wall thickness as well as higher strength. To improve the crack resistance of linepipe steel in sour environment, low alloy steel are produced by controlled rolling subsequently followed by the accelerated cooling process. This paper summarizes the design concepts for controlling crack resistant property low alloy linepipe steels for sour gas service.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.171-176
• /
• 2016

Sour gas is natural gas or any other gas containing significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$). Natural gas is usually considered sour gas if there are more than 5.7 milligrams of $H_2S$ per cubic meter of natural gas, which is equivalent to approximately 4 ppm by volume under standard temperature and pressure We have surveyed on the treatment and removal technology of sour gas, sour gas include a lot of hydrogen sulfide($H_2S$), Carbon dioxide($CO_2$), utane($C_4H_{10}$) and mercaptan($C_nH_{4n-1}SH$) etc. We need high technology for development for these kinds of raw gases and we should specially take care of treating and removal of theses raw gases. Therefor we are going to describe about these kinds of raw gases and about methods how to treat these kinds of gases.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.21-25
• /
• 2014

Oil and gas fields were left unexploited which deemed too deep and sour. New developing markets are emerging in this part and pipe manufacturers need demanding requirements in the combination of sour service requirements with heavier wall thickness required to cope with increasing water depths. Whilst, the strength and fracture toughness needed to meet the strict requirements In order to deliver the optimum sour properties in the final pipe, attention needs to be paid to each stage throughout the process from steel making. The main key during steel making is strengthening, securing mechanical properties and suppression of center segregation by adding proper chemical elements and controlling water cooling and plate rolling. Additionally in welding, it is required to prevent HAZ softening by high heat input during welding of heavy thick pipes and hydrogen assisted cracking in high strength steels with hard phases. In this paper, we introduce markets of sour resistant linepipe steels and in response to this, have a look in the development trend of sour resistant linepipe steels and its sour characteristics in welded joints.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.1027-1033
• /
• 1996

Under the Irradiation of the radiofrequency wave, the dipole materials vibrate as microwavic phase change. This causes friction between adjacent molecules and enables an unique charateristics of interior heating of the materials. When dipole gases are adsorbed inside of a solid radiofrequency wave absorber, the gases can be decomposed easily by the microwave energy. The decomposition of sour gases was successfully tested in this manner to develop a sour gas removal process from the combustion flue gas. The standard gas bearing NO and $SO_2$ was passed through and microwave was applied on the calcined char bed as the wave absorber and the gas adsorbent. It was found that more then 95% of NO and 70 % of $SO_2$ was decomposed to the environmentally clean elements during the passage through the 20 gram char bed under the microwave impingement. The surface area and the porosity of char increased because the oxygen radicals produced from decomposed gas attacked carbon in the char capillaries and formed $CO_2$. For a lower concentration of sour gas, general cases in the commercial combustion processes, almost complete decomposion is believed possible and this method is surely expected to be useful for the prevention of air pollutions.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.314-320
• /
• 2014

Regarding the design of the gas sweetening absorber, the gas distribution analysis for the increase of the sour gas removal and reduction of the tower height is very important research topics. Recently, regarding the $CO_2$ capture technology which is a promising option for the reduction of the greenhouse gas (GHG), the need for the gas distribution improvement is increased as the gas treating capacity increases. In this paper, we have investigated the sour gas distribution in the absorber using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) based on 10 MW post-combustion $CO_2$ capture plant installed in Boryeong power station, Korea Midland Power company. For this purpose, we suggested the three possible technology options (splash plate, spiral gas line and U-tube) for the gas distribution enhancement and compared the effect of the each cases. The result showed that the U-tube installed in the absorber increase the gas distribution about 30% compared to the base case, while the delta P increasement was about 10%. From these results, it was found that the U-tube installation is an effective technology option for the gas distribution enhancement in the gas sweetening absorber.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2013.05a
• /
• pp.39-42
• /
• 2013

자동차 및 에너지 산업의 적용을 목표로 고망간강의 기계적 성질 향상 연구가 활발히 진행된 반면 내식성 연구는 미비하다. 본 연구에서는 염수 환경 및 H2S 환경에서 4종의 고망간강의 내식성에 미치는 크롬 및 망간의 영향을 조사하였다. 비교재로 사용된 탄소강 대비 실험재의 부식 속도는 침지 실험을 통해 얻어졌다. 또한 내식성 기구 고찰을 위하여 상평형 프로그램을 통하여 녹 층을 예측하고, 침지실험으로부터 얻어진 녹 층을 XRD, SEM-EDS 및 TEM-EDS로 분석하였다. 3.5% NaCl 용액에서 크롬 및 망간이 모두 내식성을 향상시킨 반면, synthetic seawater에서는 크롬만이 내식성을 향상시켰다. 또한 이들 염수 환경과 달리 H2S 환경에서 크롬과 망간 모두 내식성을 향상시키지 못했다. 환경에 따라 강의 내식성에 미치는 합금 원소의 영향이 상이한 원인은 각각의 환경에서 형성된 녹층의 구성 물질의 차이에 의한 것으로 이에 대하여는 본문의 된 녹 층 분석 결과에서 자세히 설명되었다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.249-256
• /
• 2018

Metallic structures in the oil and gas production undergo severe degradation due to sweet and sour corrosion caused by the presence of $CO_2$ and $H_2S$ in the fluid environment. The corrosion behavior of 304 austenitic stainless was investigated in the presence of varying concentrations of $CO_2$ or $H_2S$ and $CO_2+H_2S$ to understand the effect of the parameters either individually or in combination. Potentiodynamic polarization study revealed that a small amount of $CO_2$ aided in the formation of calcareous deposit of protective layer on passive film of 304 steel, while increase in $CO_2$ concentration ruptured the layer resulting in sweet corrosion. The presence of $S^{2-}$ damaged the passive and protective layer of the steel and higher levels increased the degradation rate. Electrochemical impedance studies revealed lower polarization resistance and impedance at higher concentration of $CO_2$ or $H_2S$, supporting the outcomes of polarization study. XRD analysis revealed different types of iron carbides and iron sulphides corresponding to sweet and sour corrosion as the corrosion products, respectively. SEM analysis revealed the presence of uniform, localized and sulphide cracking in sour corrosion and general corrosion with protective carbide layer amid for sweet corrosion.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.154-160
• /
• 2004

The Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking (SSCC) resistance of structural steels is one of the critical concerns for the operators, material designers, and fabricators of oil-field equipment, especially treating sour gas (H2S) containing fluids. As far as its fabricators concerned, the systematic care of welding parameters should be taken to obtain comparable SSCC resistance of their weldment to that of its base material. In this respect, every different type of welding joint design for this use should be verified to be SSCC-proof with relevant test procedures. In this study, the welding parameters to secure a proper SSCC resistance of steel pipe's weldments were reviewed on the Welding Procedure Qualification Records (WPQR), which had been employed for actual fabrication of an offshore structure for oil and gas production. Based on this review, a guideline of welding parameters, such as, heat input, welding consumable for Y.S. 65 ksi class steel pipe material is proposed in terms of the NACE criteria for SSCC resistance.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.8-12
• /
• 2004

지하로부터 채굴되는 천연가스의 황화수소(H$_2$S)가스 농도가 일정 수준 이상이면 이를 사우어가스(sour gas)분위기라고 하는데, 이러한 부식성 분위기에 강재가 노출되면 강재 내부에 수소유기균열(hydrogen induced cracking)이 발생할 위험성이 높아진다.(중략)