• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.107-115
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• 2008

Herbs and plants widely used for the ecological restoration were selected for germination rate analysis under treatment of microorganisms to determine ideal treatment conditions and medium for enhanced germination rate. Albizzia julibrissin, when submerged in a nutrient medium or distilled water, presented a decrease in germination period rather than increase in germination rate. When treated with microorganism culture solution (JM-2) for 24 hours, 90% germination was achieved in two days, which is sufficient evidence to conclude that such treatment accelerates the germination of Albizzia julibrissin. Germination period decreased for Lespedeza cyrtobotrya samples submerged in microorganism solution for 15 and 48 hours, however, increases in germination rates were not observed. Sample treated in the solution for 24 hours had increased germination rate and enhanced germination period. Microorganism solution treatment had a negative effect on germination for Lespedeza cuneata, unlike Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Albizzia julibrissin. Microorganism treated seeds of Lepsedeza cuneata had a lower germination rate than that of the control with no treatment. However, submerging treatments in a nutrient medium or distilled water for 24 to 48 hours were proven effective with higher germination rates than control sample with no treatment. Herbs and plants widely used for the ecological restoration were selected for germination rate analysis under treatment of microorganisms to determine ideal treatment conditions and medium for enhanced germination rate. Albizzia julibrissin, when submerged in a nutrient medium or distilled water, presented a decrease in germination period rather than increase in germination rate. When treated with microorganism culture solution (JM-2) for 24 hours, 90% germination was achieved in two days, which is sufficient evidence to conclude that such treatment accelerates the germination of Albizzia julibrissin. Germination period decreased for Lespedeza cyrtobotrya samples submerged in microorganism solution for 15 and 48 hours, however, increases in germination rates were not observed. Sample treated in the solution for 24 hours had increased germination rate and enhanced germination period. Microorganism solution treatment had a negative effect on germination for Lespedeza cuneata, unlike Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Albizzia julibrissin. Microorganism treated seeds of Lepsedeza cuneata had a lower germination rate than that of the control with no treatment. However, submerging treatments in a nutrient medium or distilled water for 24 to 48 hours were proven effective with higher germination rates than control sample with no treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.212-220
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Hominis Placenta Aqua-acupuncture Solution in patients of melasma. Methods: The treatment was performed twice weekly in 15 volunteer patients for 8 weeks by Hominis Placenta Aqua-acupuncture Solution. We used Melasma Area and Severity Index(MASI) to evaluate the severity of melasma. Results: MASI score was decreased from A to B and the significant clinical improvement was proved compared to before treatment. Conclusions: On the basis of this study, Hominis Placenta Aqua-acupuncture Solution is an effective treatment of melasma.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.213-213
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• 2017

High quality seed of proso millet that has high germination percentage, germination speed, and uniformity demanded to increases rates of mechanization in cereal crop cultivation. In order to improve germination characteristics, proso millet seeds were treated with red light, ultrasonication and liquid smoke (LS) solution that generated from hickory wood. All treatments were performed in seed priming solution with 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ at $15^{\circ}C$ for 24hrs under aeration condition. Seeds were exposed under light intensity of 2000 lux for 15m, 30m, 60m, and 120m in priming solution. Ultrasonic treatment was performed at 60%, 80%, and 100% intensity of 21.6 KHz for 5m, 10m, and 20m in priming solution. For LS treatment seed were soaked in 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0% and 10.0% of diluted solution with $dH_2O$ or 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ solution. The effect of seed treatment was evaluated with germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), germination rate (GR), Germination uniformity (GU) and heath seed percentage (HS). Our results demonstrate that red light (15min) or ultrasonication (21.6kHz, 5min) treatment improved MGT, GI, GR, and GU comparing to untreated control. Importantly, we show that LS treatments have significant effect on the health seedling and germination characteristics. Proso millet seeds that treated with 5% LS solution for 24hrs improves HS up to 97% that similar results obtained in 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ priming for 24hrs. The combined treatment with LS solution and 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ priming were not effective in all treatments. Our results demonstrate that treating seeds with LS or 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ priming or ultrasonication improves germination characteristics. The methods described here will help advance research using this species by increasing the germination performance at which successive seed pellet process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.297-301
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• 2017

Wastewater treatment using ferrate (VI) solution is becoming a promising technology for several years, because it is high efficient and harmless technology. In this study, the ferrate (VI) solution was tested to treatment of desulfurization wastewater. The effluent from desulfurization wastewater treatment process of power plant was used as raw water, and the COD and T-N removal efficiency of ferrate(VI) solution were investigated. In the test, as the injection rate increased from 0.1 to 1.0%, the removal efficiency of COD also slightly increased, about 80% of COD were removed in 1.0% of injection rate. In the case of T-N, about 50% of T-N was removed in the condition of 1.0% of injection rate. The removal efficiency of COD and T-N also affected by reaction time, maximum removal efficiency was shown in 30 min of treatment. From these results, the wastewater treatment with ferrate(VI) solution can be great solutions for treatment of non-biodegradable pollutants in wastewater, especially for the 3rd treatment of wastewater.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of gargling with S-solution and gargling with A-solution on salivary pH, coated tongue, and dental plaque index in preschool children. Methods: Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used to select the participants. 99 preschool children were divided into three groups. Dependent variables were recorded at baseline, 30 minutes, and 7 days after the first treatment was given. The data were analyzed using $X^2$-test, ANOVA, and repeated measures of ANOVA. Results: There were no significant differences in dependent variables in pre-test. However, the salivary pH in the S-solution group had significantly increased after 30 minutes (p<.05) and then again 7 days (p<.01) after the first treatment. Also, the S-solution and A-solution groups had greater decrease in dental plaque index after 30 minutes and again 7 days after the first treatment (p<.001) than the control group. With respect to coated tongue, there were no significant differences among the three groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that essential oil gargling after brushing is helpful in improving oral health due to auxiliary oral hygiene effects with natural products. Specifically, gargling with S-solution is more effective than A-solution on oral health in preschool children by neutralizing salivary pH and reducing dental plaque index.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.7-17
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• 1991

The feasibility of treating three softwood(Japanese larch pitch pine, and Korean pine) thinned logs by double-diffusion treatment processes was investigated. Some posts were incised before immersion, and others were imersed in hot copper sulfate solution. Comparison among species indicated that. in general, pitch pine was most treatable and Japanese larch least treatable. For all three species, almost all treatment schedules gave consistently good penetration and high net retention, but very steep gradient of preservative distribution. As expected, the treatability was increased by the extension of immersion time, increased concentration of treating solution, incising. and heating of the first solution. Of the variables tested, it appears that heating of the first solution is the most important. From the data in this paper, it may be concluded that, if the first solution is not heated, the best schedule is #3. If the first solution is healed. it appears the best schedules are #10 or #11. Since heating of the first solution improves the treatability. schedules # 10 or :#11 are recommended if the cost of heating might be justified. The data presented in this paper indicate that double-diffusion treatment processes seem to offer a promise as a comparatively effective and easy-operating method of treating thinned logs for the small-scale production of treated stock.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.533-542
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• 1995

The present study investigated the effectiveness of pretreatment on dentin bonding. The adhesive resin was 5% 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) in methyl methacrylate (MMA) combined with poly-MMA powder. Polymerization of this resin was initiated by tri-n-butyl borage (TBB). Ground bovine dentin samples were etched with either an aqueous solution of 10% citric (10-0 solution) (Group I) or aqueous solution of 10% citric acid and 3% ferric chloride(10-3 solution) (Group ll ). After etching, the primer (an aqueous solution of 35% hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEM- A) and 5% glutaraldehyde was applied on the differently etched surfaces (Group III , Group IV). The 10-0 treatment showed the lowest tensile bond strength, followed by the 10-3 treatment, primer application after the 10-0 treatment and primer application after the 10-3 treatment. The relationship among the surface morphology after pretreatment, fractured surface morphology and tensile bond strength was examined. It revealed that the surface morphology change by different pretreatment influenced the bond strength and the resulting fractured surface morphology. The correlation of tensile bond strength with the fracture morphology was explained.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.184-193
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• 2021

This study demonstrates formation behavior and morphological changes of PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) films on AZ91 Mg alloy as a function of pre-treatment time in 1 M HF solution at 25 ± 1 ℃. The electrochemical behavior and morphological changes of AZ91 Mg alloy in the pre-treatment solution were also investigated with pre-treatment time. The PEO films were formed on the pre-treated AZ91 Mg alloy specimen by the application of anodic current 100 mA/cm² of 300 Hz AC in 0.1 M NaOH + 0.4 M Na₂SiO₃ solution. Vigorous generation of hydrogen bubbles were observed upon immersion in the pre-treatment solution and its generation rate decreased with immersion time. It was also found that 𝛽-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ in AZ91 Mg alloy was dissolved and a protective thin film of MgF₂ was formed on the AZ91 Mg alloy surface during the pre-treatment process in the 1 M HF solution. PEO film did not grow on the AZ91 Mg alloy specimen when the surface was not pre-treated and irregular PEO films with nodular defects were formed for the specimens pre-treated up to 1 min. Uniform PEO films were formed when the AZ91 Mg alloy specimen was pre-treated more than 3 min. The growth rate of PEO films on AZ91 Mg alloy increased significantly with increasing pre-treatment time.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.223-227
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• 2009

The precipitates, hardness, and tensile properties of Al-6.2Si-2.9Cu AC2B alloy were investigated with respect to solution treatment time at $500^{\circ}C$. $Al(Cu)-Al_2Cu$ eutectic, Si, ${\theta}-(Al_2Cu)$, and $Q-(Al_5Cu_2Mg_8Si_6)$ phases were observed in the as-cast specimen. With increasing the solution treatment time at $500^{\circ}C$, the $Al(Cu)-Al_2Cu$ eutectic and ${\theta}-(Al_2Cu)$ phases were gradually reduced and finally almost disappeared in 5 h. The mechanical properties, such as hardness, tensile strength, and elongation, were improved with solution treatment time until about 5 h due to the dissolution of the $Al_2Cu$ particles. With further holding time, the mechanical properties did not change much. The solution treated specimens for over 5 h at $500^{\circ}C$ exhibit almost the same tensile properties even after aging at $250^{\circ}C$ for 3.5 h. Accordingly, the optimal solution treatment condition of the Al-Si-Cu AC2B alloy is considered to be 5 h at $500^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.843-848
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• 1996

As the first step of studies related to production of chitooligosaccharides by physical methods, chitosan solution were sonicated with 20 kHz and various treatment effects were examined to present fundamental data of sonicated chitosan solution. Intrinsic viscosity of chitosan solution sharply decreased from 3.76 dl/g to 2.90 dl/g until 5 minutes of sonication and then slowly decreased. With low volume of chitosan solution, sonication was very effective and temperature of chitosan solution slightly affected the efficiency of sonication. In case of changing the solvent, no significant differences were observed on the effect of sonication, however, acetate buffer had highest sonication effect among various solvents. The sonication effect was increased as the increasement of the value of pH, on the contrary, ionic strength and type of counterions showed no effect on sonication. With these results, we assumed that optimal sonication treatment would be as follows, solution volume was $10\~20\;ml$, temperature range was $20\~30^{\circ}C$, pH value of solution was 4.5 and type of solvent was acetate buffer.