• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.687-691
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• 1993

Complexation of $Cd^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}\;and\;Hg^{2+}$ ions with four cryptands were studied by potentiometry and solution calorimetry in various weight percent methanol-aqueous solvent at 25${\circ}$C under $CO_2$free nitrogen atmosphere. The stabilities of the complexes were dependent on the cavity size of macrocycles. The $Hg^{2+}$ ion stability constants are higher than those of $Cd^{2+}\;and\;Pb^{2+}$ ion. All the cryptands formed complexes having 1 : 1 (metal to ligand) mole-ratio except for $Hg^{2+}-L_1$ (cryptand 1,2b: 3,5-benzo-9,14,17-trioxa-1,7-diazabicyclo-(8,5,5) heptadecane) and $Cd^{2+}-L_2$ (cryptand 2,2b: 3,5-benzo-10,13,18,21-tetraoxa-1,7-diazabicyclo (8,5,5) eicosane) complexes. $Hg^{2+}-L_1$ complex was a sandwitch type, and the $Cd^{2+}-L_2$ complex showed two stepwise reactions. Thermodynamic parameters of the $Cd^{2+}-L_2$ complex were $6.08(log\;K_1)$, -7.28 Kcal/mol $({\Delta}H_1)$, and $4.78\;(log\;K_2)$, -4.62 Kcal/mol $({\Delta}H_2)$, respectively, for 1 : 1 and 2: 1 mole-ratio. The sequences of the selectivity were increased in the order of $Hg^{2+}\;>Pb^{2+}\;>Cd^{2+}$ ion for $L_3\;and\;L_4$ macrocycles, and the $L_2$-macrocycle has a selectivity for $Cd^{2+}$ ion relative to $Zn^{2+},\;Ni^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}\;and\;Hg^{2+}$ ions. Thus, it is expected that the $L_2$ can be used as carrier for seperation of the post transition metals by macrocycles-mediated liquid membrane because $L_2$ is not soluble in water, and the difference of stability constants of the metal complexes with $L_2$ are large as compared with the other transition metal complexes. The $^1H\;and\;^{13}C-NMR studies indicated that the nitrogen atoms of cryptands have greater affinity to the post transition metal ions than the oxygen atoms, and that the planarities of the macrocycles were lost by complexation with the metal ions because of the perturbation of ring current of benzene molecule attached to macrocycles and counter-anions.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

Backgrounds : Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) is known as the chronic inflammatory diseasethat induces persistent inflammation in the joint cavity. The destruction of cartilage occurs as the result of bones destoyed by pannus, several influential cytokines induced by the synovial capsulitis, varieties of proteinases, $O_2$ radicals, and the secondary degenerative changes of articular cartilage. The type 2 collagen-induced arthritis model is used in recent experimental research on rheumatoid arthritis. Cervus elaphus sibiricus (Nockyong) has the effect of relieving pain by nourishing the muscles, joints, and bones. It is also known to be efficacious in promoting and enhancing the immune system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture to inhibit the generation of proinflammatory enzyme on type 2 collagen-induced arthritis. I investigated the inhibition of mRNA transcription of MIF(macrophage migration inhibitory factor), $TNF-{\alpha}$(Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$) and MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) of Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture using an in vitro test. Also investigated was the inhibition of differentiation of Th 1 cells and activation of cytokines(MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, MMP-9), which are known to cause initial RA ,and are also related to the morphology of the synovial membranes of the joint capsule, by an in vivo test, using CIA(collagen induced arthritis) model mice. Materials & methods : The laboratory animals used in this experiment were 4 week-old DBA female mice, weighing approximately 20 grams, and adjusted to the laboratory environment. The experiment was divided into the normal group(NOR)-no treated group, control group(CON)-CIA induced group, and sample group(SAM)-Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture treated group. RA was induced in the mice via injection of $50{\mu}{\ell}$ C II mixed CFA. The Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture solution was applied on $GB_{35}$(陽陵泉) for 26 days from the 3rd day of RA inducement. The concentration of the solution was determined via a MTT assay. To research the effect on the expression of MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and MMP-9 mRNA, RT-PCR was performed on synovial membrane cells from the knee joint of CIA mice. C II induced RA knee joint's histo-chemical synovial membrane was observed using a specimen model via the Hematoxilin and Eosin dying technique. Results : The expression of mRNA of RA-related cytokines such as MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and MMP-9 dosedependently decreased in the cell from the synovial membranes of the joint, which is treated with Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture solution. In mice treated with Cervus elaphus sibiricusherbal acupuncture, the damage of synovial membranes of the joint was lessened, and differentiation of Th 1 cells was suppressed. The activation of RA-related cytokines such as MIF was suppressed, and the generation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and MMP-9 showed a statistically significant decreas. Conclusions : It is speculated that Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture has the therapeutic effect of palliating the damage of the tissue impaired by RA by inhibition of the initial RA progression and by regulating excessive differentiation of Th 1 cell as it suppresses the generation of RA-related cytokines during the highest stage of RA by acting on pro-inflammatory enzymes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2009

Clinical suggestion for the limitation of application time of NaOCl solution is needed to avoid large reductions in resin-dentin bond strength. The aim of this study was to measure the change of ${\mu}$-tensile bond strength after the various application time of 5.25% NaOCl solution to pulp chamber dentin in endodontic access cavity, and to evaluate the effect of 10% sodium ascorbate application for 10 min on bond strength after the treatment of 5.25% NaOCl solution. In this experiment, there were no statistical differences(p > 0.05) in bond strengths between upper chamber dentin and lower chamber dentin. NaOCl-treated group for 20 min did not show any significant decrease(p > 0.05) in bond strength than non-treated control group. In contrast to that, bond strengths of NaOCl-treated groups for 40 & 80 min were significantly lower(p < 0.05) than that of non-treated control group. 10% sodium ascorbate retreated group for 10 min after 5.25% NaOCl application for 40 min to chamber dentin showed the recovery of bond strength significantly. However, the bond strength of sodium ascorbate retreated group after 5.25% NaOCl application for 80 min was still significantly lower(p < 0.05) compared to the non-treated control group, which means the reductions in resin-dentin bond strength were not fully reversed. On the contrary, sodium ascorbate retreated group after 5.25% NaOCl application for 5 min showed significantly higher(p < 0.05) bond strength compared to the control group, which demonstrates its superior recovery effect. In SEM exminations of specimens retreated with 10% sodium ascorbate after NaOCl application for 40 & 80 min showed that resin tags were formed clearly and densely, but weakly in density and homogeneity of individual resin tag compared to the control specimen.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 1999

Synovial joint of BALB/C mice were injeced with Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) were observed to investigate the morphological changes of synovial capsule caused by rheumatoid arthritis(RA). The RA on female Balb/c mice were induced by LPS injection, as dose of $300{\mu}{\ell}/kg$, into synovial cavity of knee joint. And then these specimen were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and were decalcificated in EDTA solution for 4 weeks. The hyperplasia of synovium were appeared in synovial membrane. The filopodia of phagocytic like synoviocyte(type I synoviocyte) projected into synovial cavity and the number of fibroblast like synoviocyte(type II synoviocyte) with well-developed endoplasmic reticulum were increased in synovium. In fibrous membrane, the fibrosis induced by synthesis of collagen fiber were enlarged to all fibrous membrane, and the number of fibroblast were increased. A great number of inflammation component cell as lymphocyte and neutrophil leukocyte were infiltrated around capillary and the degranulate typed mast cell were increased. As results indicated that the hyperplasia of synovium induced by LPS, subsequently to cause the fibrosis, infiltration of imflammation component cell, and increase of degranulated type mast cell as same as symptoms of RA.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 1992

Two crystal structures of bromine sorption complexes of vacuum dehydrated Cd(ll)-exchanged zeolite A have been determined by single-crystal xray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1) ℃. Both crystals were ion exchanged in flowing streams of exchange solution In which mole ratio of Cd(NO3)2 and Cd(OOCCH3)B was 1:1 with a total concentration of 0.05 M. First crystal was dehydrated at 450℃ and 2 ×10-6 Torr for two days. Second crystal was dehydrated at 650℃ and 2 ×10-6 Torr for two days. Both crystals were then treated with 160 Torr for two days. Second crystal was dehydrated at 650℃ and 2 × 10-6 Torr for two days. Both crystals were then treated with 160 Torr of zeolitically dried bromine vapor at 24℃. Full-matrix least-squares refinements of toe first crystal(a: 12.250(1) A )· and the second crystal(a: 12.204(2) A ) have contecoed to final error indices, Rl:0.075 and Ra:0.079 with 212 reflections, and Rl : 0.089 and Ra = 0.078 with 128 reflections, respectively, for which I >3σ(I). Crystallographic analyses of both crystals show that six Cd2+ ions are located on two different threefold axes of unit cell associated with 6-ring oxygens. Each 4.5 Cd2+ ion is recessed ca.0. 441 A Into the large cavity to complex either with Brsor with Br3from the (111) plane of 0(3), whereas each 1.5 Cd2+ ions recessed ca. 0.678 A into we sodalite unit. Approximately 1.5 Br5-and 1.5 Br3-ions are sorbed per unit cell. Each Brsion interacts and stabilized by complexing with two Cd2+ ions and framework oxide ions, while each Br3ion interacts with one Cd2+ ion and framework oxide ions. Because of residual water molecules the following reactions may be occurred inside of zeolite cavity:

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 2013

Purpose: Bed, living a long time is required in adult patients with brain lesions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson's disease, causing pneumonia and respiratory diseases may be due to aspiration of food or saliva. In patients with recurrent pneumonia or pulmonary symptoms, there is a need to determine the possibility of pulmonary aspiration due to aspiration of saliva. Materials and Methods: Saliva due to aspiration pneumonia diagnosis in patients with brain lesions request for inspection to the Department of Nuclear Medicine, 10 patients (male 6, female 4) were included in this study. Patients were fasted before the test, $^{99m}Tc_{O4}$ 185 MBq (5 mCi) of less than 1 mL of solution was administered in the oral cavity. Administration and 20 minutes of dynamic imaging acquisition, and immediately after that the static images were acquired. Delayed scan after 2-4 hours if necessary. Results: Positivity rate of all 10 patients was 60%. In 4 patients showed positive reactions after the administration of oral cavity in a 20-minute dynamic imaging were able to confirm whether the aspiration. In the remaining 2 patients, four hours of additional delay tests were able to confirm whether the aspiration. Conclusion: Does not require changes in patient posture compared to the other checks that can be diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia. A simple test and takes less time. Therefore be useful in providing information for the diagnosis and treatment modality.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.344-356
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• 2005

There are normal inhabitants doing medically useful functions in the body. There are many kinds of bacteria performing specific functions in the oral cavity. Two strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from inhabitants of caries-free children's oral cavity, which inhibited the formation of artificial plaque by Streptococcus mutans and the production of volatile sulfur compounds by anaerobic bacteria. The isolates were identified by the test using API 50 CHL medium kit and 16S rDNA partial sequencing. 1. Two isolates were Gram-positive bacilli and produced hydrogen peroxide. 2. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured in the media, the mean weight of formed artificial plaque on the orthodontic wires was $124.4{\pm}30.4\;mg$, whereas being reduced to $5.2{\pm}2.0mg$ and $10.6{\pm}6.6mg$ in the media cultured with Streptococcus mutans and each isolate, respectively (p<0.05) 3. The number of viable cells of Streptococcus mutans was $3.4{\times}10^9$ per ml in the cultured solution, whereas those of Streptococcus mutans in the combined culture with each of isolates were $4.6{\times}10^8\;and\;2.4{\times}10^8$ per ml. 4. The optical density was 1.286 in the supernatant of Fusobacterium nucleatum after vortexing for 30minutes, whereas in the supernatant of combined Fusobacterium nucleatum and each isolate, they were reduced to 0.628 and 0.497, which the percentages of coaggregation between them were 29.4% and 57.8%, respectively 5. The optical density of Fusobacterium nucleatum precipitate was 1.794 in the culture media containing cysteine and $FeSO_4$, being reduced to 1.144 and 0.915 in the coaggregated precipitates of Fusobacterium nucleatum and each isolate. The optical density of Porphyromonas gingivalis precipitate was 1.932 in the culture media, being reduced to 1.170 and 1.266 in the coaggregated precipitates of Porphyromonas gingivalis and each isolate. 6. When two isolates were tested with API 50 CHL medium kit, those were identified Lactobaciallius salivarius and Lactobaciallius delbrueckii subsp. lactis. 7. The similarity values of 16S rDNA sequence between each of isolates and Lactobaciallius salivarius subsp. salicinius were 99.60% and 99.73%, respectively, meaning that isolates were Lactobaciallius salivarius subsp. salicinius. These results indicated that two strains isolated from caries-free children's saliva, which inhibited the formation of artificial plaque and the production of volatile sulfur compounds, were identified as Lactobaciallius salivarius subsp. salicinius.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2008

This study was performed to obtain data about dental health to develop childrens' dental health education program. This research surved from from 22 July 2008 to 11 August 2008 and questionaire given to 140 teacher from Gwangsan-gu and Buk-gu and Dong-gu in Gwangju city. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0 program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The dental health condition which teacher is recognizing is most with the facility 52.9% which is healthy, one day toothbrush qualitative number of times 3 times 67.1% and the dental floss qualitative number of times is 49.3%. Uses most the oral hygiene device which plentifully is 51.4% with the dental gargle solution, the dental problem which is knowing dental caries with 45.7% to be highest, perception dental sensitivity was 30.7%. 2. Periodical dental prosecuting says that 93.6% is executing, also the case which a dental inspection result in the parents notifies was 78.6%, after notifying treat, the case which confirms was 60.7%. The case which is the toothbrush qualitative time which is systematic was 95.0%, about dental healthily and food the case which executes an education was 93.6%. 3. About educational background by infantile dental health care of teacher with recognition currently the effectiveness of dental health care is higher from below junior college graduating (p < 0.05). dental hygienic relation experience event participation intention (p < 0.01) comes from the above of university graduation from infantile dental health care from important degree of teacher role was higher the junior college graduation group (p < 0.05). 4. Recognition there was not a difference which is beneficial with an educational background by about career by infantile dental health care of teacher. For the buccal cavity hygiene management of the infants thinks with the fact that also the development of the curricular material and the educational program and teacher buccal cavity hygiene education will be necessary.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2007

Karstic features and mining-related cavities not only lead to severe restrictions in land utilizations, but also constitute serious concern about geohazard and groundwater contamination. A microgravity survey was applied for detecting, mapping and monitoring karstic cavities in the test site at Muan prepared by KIGAM. The gravity data were collected using an AutoGrav CG-3 gravimeter at about 800 stations by 5 m interval along paddy paths. The density distribution beneath the profiles was drawn by two dimensional inversion based on the minimum support stabilizing functional, which generated better focused images of density discontinuities. We also imaged three dimensional density distribution by growing body inversion with solution from Euler deconvolution as a priori information. The density image showed that the cavities were dissolved, enlarged and connected into a cavity network system, which was supported by drill hole logs. A time-lapse microgravity was executed on the road in the test site for monitoring the change of the subsurface density distribution before and after grouting. The data were adjusted for reducing the effects due to the different condition of each survey, and inverted to density distributions. They show the change of density structure during the lapsed time, which implies the effects of grouting. This case history at the Muan test site showed that the microgravity with accuracy and precision of ${\mu}Gal$ is an effective and practical tool for detecting, mapping and monitoring the subsurface cavities.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2010

We have developed a sodium fluoride containing gelatin and methyl cellulose gel. Cariostatic abilities of those gel were investigated and compared with APF gel and fluoride varnish($Cavityshield^{TM}$). We prepared the bovine tooth samples and divided into two surface, control side and experimental side in same specimen for exclusion of difference between specimens. The experiment was consisted of 4 groups : (I) APF gel : (II) $Cavityshield^{TM}$ : (III) Gelatin F gel : (IV) Methyl cellulose F gel Decalcification were produced by placing each specimen into artificial acidic solution(pH 4.0) for 72 hours. Surface microhardness were measured and depth of demineralization lesion were measured by polarizing light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. The difference of VHN between control and experimental side is smallest in group I (p<0.05). 2. The largest difference was shown in group II (p<0.05). 3. There were no significant difference between group III and IV in microhardness test (p>0.05). 4. The difference of lesion depth is smallest in group I (p<0.05). 5. There were no significant difference between group II, III and IV in lesion depth (p>0.05). The result of the present study indicate that the fluoride containing gelatin and methyl cellulose gel is more effective than APF gel and is similar to fluoride varnish application for prevention of demineralization.