• Applied Microscopy
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.265-279
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• 1997

This study aims to demonstrate the effect of chitosan, one of the natural chelator, on the ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver caused by cadmium. A total of 60 healthy ICR that weighted 30 gm $({\pm}2gm)$ was used for experiment. The experimental group was divided into three groups; group A, B, and C. The group A and B administrated cadmium (4.0 mg/kg) to the intraperitoneal after pretreated with chitosan (0.5% solution) for 30 and 7 days, respectively. Each group was observed at 12, 24, 48, 72 hours and one week after injected cadmium. The results were as follows: 1. Group A The nuclear membrane and the chromatin were normal shapes at overall the time. The inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria damaged a little but almost normal in shapes. And electron-density showed slightly compacted. some enlarged rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) showed at 12 hours. At 48 hours, typical lamellae of the rER were reformed, and a lot of transvesicles observed around them. To 48 hours, sER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) was slightly dilated. From 72 hours, sER rehalizated in normal shape. 2. Group B Nuclear membranes were rounded-shape and chromatin showed evenly. To 72 hours, a lot of mitochondria observed around rER and development of cristae showed weakly. But at one week, cristae were clear and electron-density of matrix showed high. At 72 hours lamellae of rER showed some broken, but were reformed at one week. Also at one week, glycogen granules evenly showed over cytoplasm. 3. Group C At 12 hours, Nucleus showed the condensation of nuclear membrane and clear condensation at 24 hours. However, nuclear membrane had a slightly rounded-shape from 72 hours. From 12 hours to the one week, mitochondria showed the dilation of inner cavity and weak development of cristae. Also electron-density of matrix was a little low. Occasionally, destruction of inner and outer membrane observed at one week. The dilation of cisternae and destruction of lamellae of rER showed from 12 to 48 hours. From 72 hours, rER showed slightly dilated only. And lamella observed at one week. In sER, dilation of inner cavity was observed during whole period. These results suggest that chitosan attenuates the toxic effect of the cadmium in the mouse liver.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.460-474
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various low-viscosity resin systems used as rebonding agents to prevent microleakage at the margins of class I composite resin restorations. Seventy sound human premolars were selected for experiment. Class I cavities were prepared and each cavity was conditioned with a 37% phosphoric acid for 15 sec, rinsed with water for 15 sec, and dried with compressed air. Bonding agent(Scotchbond Multipurpose, 3M Co.) was applied and a hybrid composite resin (Z-100, 3M Co.) was placed using an incremental technic. The excess cured composite resin was carefully removed with Sof-Lex discs(3M Co.) to expose the original margins of the cavity. The following seven groups were established : group 1 was not rebonded and used as control group ; group 2 was rebonded with a Scotchbond Multipurpose(3M Co.) and finished ; group 3 was rebonded with a Fortify(BISCO) and finished ; group 4 was rebonded with a Concise white sealant(3M Co.) and finished ; group 5 was rebonded with a Concise white sealant(3M Co.) and not finished ; group 6 was rebonded with a P&F sealant(BISCO) and finished; group 7 was rebonded with a P&F sealant(BISCO) and not finished. The specimens were then subjected to 500 thermocycles between 5 & 65 with a 10 see dwell time and immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours and sectioned with low-speed diamond cutter into two part under water condition. The extent of microleakage at rebonded margins was evaluated microscopically and scored for dye penetration according to the following scale : 0=no dye penetration ; 1=dye penetration to half-way along axial wall between enamel surface and DEJ ; 2=dye penetration beyond halfway along axial wall between enamel surface and DEJ ; 3=dye penetration to the full depth of DEJ or beyond DEJ. Selected samples were prepared for SEM observation to determine the depth of penetration of the rebonding agent into the marginal interface. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In the group 2 and 3, which is rebonded with a Scotchbond Multipupose and Fortify, dye penetration score were decreased significantly than that of group 1 (P<0.05), but group 4 and 6 were not statistically different from group 1(P>0.05). 2. There were significant differences between group 4, 6 and group 5, 7 when compared by dye penetration score (P<0.05). 3. In the SEM observation, Scotchbond Multipurpose and Fortify were penetrated within $30-40{\mu}m$ depth of the outermost surface. However, both sealants were failed to penetrate into the debonded interface.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.131-145
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• 2005

There are normal inhabitants doing medically useful functions in the body. There are many kinds of bacteria performing specific functions in the oral cavity. Two strains of lactic add bacteria were isolated from normal inhabitants of children's oral cavity, which inhibited the production of volatile sulfur compounds by anaerobic bacteria. The authors identified the isolates by 16S rDNA partial sequencing. 1. Two isolates were Gram-positive bacilli and produced hydrogen peroxide. 2. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured in the media, the mean weight of formed artificial plaque on the orthodontic wires was $124.4{\pm}30.4$ mg, whereas being reduced to $5.2{\pm}2.0$ mg and $10.6{\pm}6.6$ mg in the media cultured with Streptococcus mutans and each isolate, respectively(p<0.05). 3. The number of viable cells of Streptococcus mutans was $3.4{\times}10^9$ per ml in the cultured solution, whereas those of Streptococcus mutans in the combined culture with each of isolates were $4.6{\times}10^8$ and $2.4{\times}10^8$ per ml. 4. The optical density was 1.286 in the supernatant of Fusoacterium nucleatum after vortexing for 30 minutes, whereas in the supernatant of combined Fusoacterium nucleatum and each isolate, they were reduced to 0.628 and 00497, which the percentages of coaggregation between them were 2904% and 57.8%, respectively. 5. The optical density of Fusoacterium nucleatum precipitate was 1.794 in the culture media containing cysteine and $FeSO_4$ being reduced to 1.144 and 0.915 in the coaggregated precipitates of Fusoacterium nucleatum and each isolate. 6. The similarity values of 16S rDNA sequence between each of isolates and Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius were 99.60% and 99.73%, respectively, meaning that isolates were Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius. These results indicated that two strains isolated from children's saliva, which inhibited the formation of plaque and the production of volatile sulfur compounds, were identified as Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2004

This study evaluated the marginal microleakage of five single step adhesives. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups and restored using one of the single step adhesives and composite resins：Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z-250 (Group 1), AQ Bond/Metafil CX (Group 2), One-Up Bond F/Palfique Toughwell (Group 3). Futurabond/Admira (Group 4), Xeno III/Spectrum TPH (Group 5). The restored teeth were thermocycled. Microleakage was assessed by dye penetration using 2% methylene blue dye solution. The teeth were bisected buccolingually and evaluated for microleakage under steromicroscope. The data were statistically analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney tests. The results of this study were as follows：1. Microleakage of enamel margins in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 1, 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 2. Microleakage of dentin margins in group 1 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 5, and that in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 3. Dentin marginal microleakage was higher than enamel marginal microleakage in all experimental groups. In conclusion, Prompt L-Pop showed the least leakage at enamel margin, and AQ Bond showed at dentin margin in this study. Marginal miroleakage in dentin was higher than that in enamel.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제7권1_2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1980

Hysterosalpingograms (H.S.G.) have been done for several decades to determine causative factors in female infertility. However, the H.S.G. only reverals uterine cavity and tubal patency or inpatency. The author prefers to find more details in regard to the status and condition of the female reproductive organs and their surrounding tissue as they pertain to infertility. H.S.G. in combination with laparoscopic examination reveals the following results. Preparation and method of performance of H.S.G. during laparoscopy in a healthy reproductive age women are as follows. When laparoscopy is not contraindicated, NPO is ordered with routine bowel preparation. Analgesics administered by injection prior to procedure are valium 10mgs and pethidine 50-100mgs. The radiographic procedure is the same as for any HSG technique. During laparoscopy a solution of 3 to 10 ccs. of 60% hypaque sodium is used. Fluroscopic scout films are obtained A-P and oblique views as well as a delayed check film. 1. Age distribution of primary and secondary infertility in this studies involving tubal factors was as follows: 20-29 age group showed 46% incidence and in the 30-39 age group, 50% incidence. Duration of infertility in this study group was the following: 1-2 years showed 26.7%, 3-5 years 53.8%, and 6-9 years 13.3%. 2. Indications of laparoscopic examination were as follows: Secondary infertility in 35% of the cases, obscure tubal occlusion on previous H.S.G. in 25%, unknown origin in 11.7%, and the remaining cases included pelvic pain, small masses, dysmenorrhea, and uterine anomaly. The laparoscopic examination showed clearly the reproductive organs and the surrounding tissues in the pelvic cavity. The abnormal tubal findings there revealed were tuberculous salpingitis and hydrosalpinx in 10% each, endometriosis and peritubabl adhesions in 6.7% each, biconuate uterus in 3.3%. The remaining 58.3% of the cases showed normal findings. Laparoscopic observation for possible myoma nodules, streak ovary, and peritubal adhesions was also done at this time. 3. Comparative tubal findings in combined H.S.G. and laparoscopic examination revealed the following. Bilateral tubal occlusion was present in 14% (7cases) on laparoscopic examination but on H.S.G. 38% (19 cases) were noted. However, tubal occlusion and peritubal adhesions were found in 26% (13 cases) upon laparoscopy and only 8% (4 cases) on H.S.G. examination alone. Normal pelvic findings were present in 60% (27 cases).

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.330-338
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• 2013

5급 와동에서 상아질 접착제와 레진의 종류에 따른 미세누출을 알아보고자 64개의 건전한 상 하악 소구치 및 대구치에 5급 와동을 형성하였다. 형성된 와동에 4종의 상아질 접착제를 각각 적용하고 2종류의 복합레진을 수복하여 법랑질과 상아질 변연부 색소침투 정도를 실체현미경하에서 23배율로 관찰하여 미세누출 점수를 기록한 후 각 군 간의 유의성을 검정하였다. 연구 결과, 5급 와동 수복 시 상아질 접착제와 레진의 종류에 따른 미세누출은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 그러나 복합레진 Filtek Z350XT Universal 적용 시 1단계 자가부식 접착제 Adaper Easy Bond에서 미세누출이 낮게 나타났고, 유동성레진 Filtek Z350XT Flowable 적용 시 3단계 전부식 접착제 Adaper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, 2단계 전부식 접착제 Adaper Single Bond 2에서 미세누출이 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 복합레진 및 상아질 접착제의 선택적 적용이 가능하며 특히, 1단계 자가부식 상아질 접착제 적용 시 조작의 편이성과 시술시간의 단축에 유리할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.18-24
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• 1989

X-선 단결정법으로 탈수한 $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$ (a = 12.278(2)${\AA}$) 와 $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ (a = 12.286(2)${\AA}$)의 구조를 입방공간군 Pm3m을 써서 해석하였다. $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$의 구조는 I >3${\sigma}$(I)인 회절반점 291개를 이용하여 $R_1$ = 0.064, $R_2$ = 0.060까지 정밀화 시켰으며 $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$의 구조는 416개의 회절반점을 이용하여 $R_1$ = 0.063, $R_2$ = 0.080까지 정밀화 시켰다. 두 구조 모두 단위세포당 하나의 환원된 은 원자가 소다라이트 동공 내에 있으며 이 환원된 은 원자는 소다라이트 동공 1/6개 마다 $Ag_6$로 존재하든가 혹은 모든 소다라이트 동공마다 4mm 대칭성을 가지는 $(Ag_5)^{4+}$ 클러스터로 존재한다. 그 밖에 탈수한 $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$에서는 8개의 $Ag^+$이온은 6-링 중심 3회 회전축 상에 있으며 3개의 $Rb^+$이온은 8-링 중심 $D_{4h}$ 대칭성을 가지고서 위치하고 있다. 또 탈수한 $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$구조에서는 2개의 다른 6-링 $Ag^+$ 이온 즉 7개의 $Ag^+$ 이온은 6-링 평면상에 위치하고 1개의 $Ag^+$이온은 소다라이트 동공 내에 위치한다. 두 개의 서로 다른 8-링 양이온이 있으며 두 개의 $Rb^+$이온은 8-링 중심에 위치하였고 1개의 $Ag^+$이온은 8-링에서 0.1$\AA$ 만큼 큰 동공 쪽으로 이동하여 위치한다. 두 구조에서 보면 $Ag^+$이온은 6-링 위치에 $Rb^+$ 이온은 8-링 위치에 우선적으로 위치한다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 스쿠알렌이 납 중독에 대해 효과가 있는 지를 관찰하고자 하였다. 건강한 ICR계 생쥐를 사용하였다. 납을 복강 투여한 후 SOD와 간 조직의 미세구조를 관찰하였다. 실험군은 다음과 같다. Group 1은 납을 복강 투여한 후 스쿠알렌을 처치하지 않은 대조군, Group 2는 납을 복강 투여한 후 스쿠알렌을 처치한 군으로 각 실험군당 생쥐 10마리를 사용하였다. 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. SOD 측정 결과 대조군은 정상군에 비해 수치가 훨씬 낮게 나타났지만, 스쿠알렌을 처치한 군에서는 정상군에 비해 낮지만, 대조군 보다 수치가 높게 나타남을 관찰할 수 있었다(P<0.05). 간 조직의 미세구조에의 경우 납 단독 처치군의 경우사립체의 팽대와 rER은 팽대 및 절단된 상태가 관찰되었으나, 스쿠알렌을 처치한 군에서는 납 단독 처치군에 비해 손상 정도가 덜하였다. 본 연구를 통해 스쿠알렌이 납 중독에 의한 간장 조직의 손상 회복에 대해 효과가 있는 것으로 생각되어진다.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2011

Rhinitis, inflammation of the nasal cavity caused by the disease in our country that a recent trend is the rapidly increasing number of patients. It causes multiple complications and interfere with daily life and social life in case of being viewed as a mild cold. The rhinitis treatment for symptomatic therapy in modern medicine is staying because the situation is exposing the limitations. so traditional medicine is trying to find a solution but that is not easy. In modern medicine, rhinitis is defined as a set of histological lesions and clinical symptoms, but traditional medicine has developed in dealing with each symptoms in disease. The treatment that doesn't distinguish any treatment in growing numbers of patients does not seem to validate, because doctors treat without considering the difference of recognition. Looking at the symptoms for each, I found that each symptoms and causes are varied according to doctors and era. In spite of considering all of that in treatment, it was ignored or underestimated in modern medicine. Furthermore, in traditional medicine, they just conjugated certain period theory and only had limited treatment by a lack of integrated awareness about definition and mechanism. In addition, in case of mentioning about the causes of prescription in each medical books, there were not enough explain about pathological states. Therefore, these causes should be made to further the research about the validity, pathogenesis and treatment. We can see that theory could be established and modified by the accumulation of clinical experience, observations through classification by each of the causes, prescription and treatment. In traditional medicine simply does not pay attention only to nasal inflammation, such as the impact of Meridian and organs considered to have focused on the fundamental treatment. This increased immune resistance to the modern rhinitis patients may offer new therapeutic approaches. I hope this paper would be helpful to find the treatment with uncovered theory in modern medicine.

• 멤브레인
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2008

상전환법을 이용하여 폴리설폰 고분자막을 제조하고 막의 형상과 투과특성을 측정하였다. 폴리설폰, n-메틸피롤리돈과 프로피오닉산으로 이루어진 제막용액에서 프로피오닉산은 폴리설폰에 대한 비용매로서 제막용액에 첨가되었으며, 침지용 비용매로는 이소프로필알코올이 사용되었다. 첨가된 프로피오닉산은 제막용액의 열역학적 성질을 변화시켜 열역학적 상분리를 촉진하는 역할을 할 수 있음을 보였으며, 제막용액의 점도는 프로피오닉산의 양에 따라 증가하여 프로피오닉산의 첨가에 따라 유동성이 감소하는 특성을 보였다. 제조된 모든 분리막은 프로피오닉산의 첨가에 따라 뚜렷하게 구분되는 형상을 보였다. 프로피오닉산 없이 제조된 막의 밀집화된 표면층은 프로피오닉산이 10wt% 첨가되었을 때 거의 사라졌으며, 30 wt% 첨가되었을 때 분리막은 알갱이 형태의 표면층으로부터 스폰지 형태의 하부층으로 형상의 차이가 구배를 보이며 나타났다. 물 투과도는 비용매 프로피오닉산의 증가와 함께 증대하였으며 폴리에틸렌글리콜을 사용한 배제율의 경우 프로피오닉산의 증가와 함께 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.