• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1549-1554
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• 2014

This study analyzed the production and heat stability of an emulsion made from buckwheat sprout extracts with high rutin content. To obtain high rutin contents, buckwheat was sprouted and the polyphenols and rutin were extracted from buckwheat sprouts. Concentrated extracts were made into an emulsion using a homo mixer and hydraulic homogenizer, after which heat stability was analyzed. The polyphenol contents were highest in ground sprouts grown for 8 days (10.66 mg/g), which was 10 times higher than those of buckwheat seeds. Extraction with 50% ethanol after blanching was the most effective method for obtaining extracts with higher polyphenol content and rutin content. Extracts were concentrated up to 60% soluble solid content and then emulsified using a homo mixer and hydraulic homogenizer. Heat stability of the emulsion passed through the hydraulic homogenizer was slightly higher than that made using the homo mixer. The heat stability of the emulsion was more strongly affected by heating time than temperature. In conclusion, the buckwheat concentrate emulsion passed through the hydraulic homogenizer was more heat stable than buckwheat extract alone.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 1995

In order to formulate an aqueous topical preparation of epidermal growth factor(EGF) for the treatment of open wound and bum, the stability of EGF in aqueous vehicles containing various stabilizers was evaluated and the pharmacological activity of gel preparations formulated with poloxamer 407 was determined with wound model. Various additives, which are known as potent stabilizers for proteins and polypeptides so far, were used to increase the stability of EGF in aqueous vehicles. The contents of EGF in the vehicles containing stabilizers were determined with an HPLC method after the storage at $37^{\circ}C$. EGF was more stable in ultrapure water than RO water or saline. All the additives studied resulted in deleterious effects on EGF stability. Therefore, it was speculated that any additives or impurities in the vehicle made EGF unstable. However, nitrogen purge of solution increased the stability of EGF in aqueous vehicles. The aqueous topical preparations of EGF were formulated with poloxamer 407 as a gel base in saline. Gelatin or amastatin was employed as a protease inhibitor. The pharmacological effect of EGF gel was studied with open wound model in mice. EGF preparations, made of oleaginous base or poloxamer gel base, showed significant healing effect compared to the control group(p<0.05). The addition of protease inhibitor in poloxamer 407 gel resulted in significant healing effect compared to the gel without it(p<0.05). Body weights of mice treated with EGF preparation were increased at the first day after the formation of open wound, while those of the control group were decreased. The EGF gel made of poloxamer 407 containing a pretense inhibitor would be a promising aqueous topical preparation for EGF.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.370-378
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• 1989

An Alkalophilic Bacillus circulans that can produce significant amount of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) was newly isolated from soil. The culture filtrate was successively purified by ($NH_4$)$_2$$SO_4$precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The enzymatic properties, including molecular weight, optimal pH and temperature, stability, and kinetic parameters, were determined. The cyclodextrin synthesis reaction catalized by the purified CGTase was also studied. The sweet potato and corn starch were found to be the most suitable substrates with 60% conversion to cyclodextrin. The highest conversion was achieved at the CGTase concentration of 900-1,100 units/g of soluble starch. The purified CGTase could also catalize the transglycosylation on stevioside.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.6-15
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• 2009

Biochemical and functional properties of acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) from rockfish skin were characterized. Yield of PSC (90.0%) was higher than that of ASC (63.2%). Both ASC and the PSC consisted of ${\alpha}1$ and ${\alpha}2$ chains, and $\alpha$-cross-linked components. According to the results of hydroxylation of proline and lysine, and FT-IR, no difference between the helical structure of ASC and PSC was identified. Thermal denaturation temperature (TDT) of ASC from rockfish skin was $22.8^{\circ}C$, the same as exhibited in PSC. Both ASC and PSC were higher in water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC) than other vegetable proteins. According to the results of emulsifying activity (EA) and cooking stability (CS), both ASC and PSC from rockfish skin were inferior compared to the commercial emulsifier (Tween-80). The results of FT-IR suggested that the structure of PSC was slightly different when compared to that of ASC. No differences in solubility were established between ASC and PSC from rockfish skin at various pH and NaCl concentrations.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.194-202
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• 1975

This study was conducted to study the properties of the water-soluble natural chelating agents from garbage compost and activated sewage sludge responsible for Fe chelation, which is closely associated with the effectiveness in correcting iron chlorosis in plant. The water-soluble fraction of these materials was fractionated by menas of Sephadex gel filtration and the fractions of Fe chehates were traced by radioactive $^{59}Fe$. The fractions were examined by ultraviolet and infrared. spectroscopy and stability constants for Fe. The water-soluble fraction from garbage compost was separated by Sephadex G-25 into approximately four fractions. Most of the added $^{59}Fe$ was associated with fraction I, which appeared at the void volume. Further fractionation by Sephadex G-50 indicated that the molecular weight of water-soluble chelating agents is in the approximate range of 5000 to 10,000. The water-soluble fraction from activated sewage sludge gave six fractions by Sephadex G-25. Most of the added $^{59}Fe$ was found in the fraction I,II, and III, The molecular weights of most chelating agents associated with $^{59}Fe$ appeared to be less than 5,000 and those of fraction I that appeared at the void volume was in the range of 5,000 to 1,000. Discrepancy between radio activity count and UV absorption indicated the heterogeneity of the fractions obtained by Sephadex gel filtration. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of all fractions separated by Sephadex G-25 and containing chelating agents showed no differences. Fraction IV and V of sewage extract showed absorption maxima and shifting similar to nucleic acid components suggesting the presence of decomposition products of nucleic acid. Similarity fraction VI contained phenolic type amino acid groups. Fraction I of compost extract contained most of the added $^{59}Fe$ and showed weak but extra definite absorption in the 1230, and $1270cm^{-1}$ region, suggesting that extra oxygen groups in polyphenolic structure were probably involved in Fe chelation. In sewage extract, fraction I,II, and III in which most of the $^{59}Fe$ was found, showed strong definite polypeptide absorption in the region of $1540cm^{-1}$ due to NH deformation and C-N stretching of amide groups in the peptidebond. These extra functional groups in fraction I, II, and III appeared to be associated with Fe chelation. The other fractions, not associated with $^{59}Fe$, still have carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, suggesting that these functional groups in these water extracts may not independently form the Fe chelates. Precipitation of ferric hydroxide precluded measuring the stability constants for Fe-chelates. However, the formation constants for Zn chelates as log K values for compost extract and sewage extract at pH 4.0 from which the strength of chelation with Fe could be presumed, were 8.23, and 9.75, respectively, indicating strong complexation with metals. The chelating capacity of compost extract containing 6.5 g organic matter per liter was 0.82 mM, and that of sewage extract containing 5.3 g per liter was 0. 64 mM.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 1999

Although the chitosan has many functional properties due to its cationic amino groups, the application of chitosan in foods is limited by its poor water solubility, bitter taste and astringency. This study was conducted to investigate physicochemical and sensory properties of chitosan hydrolysates in various molecular weights obtained by ultrafiltration after enzymatic hydrolysis. As molecular weight decreased, the solubility of chitosan hydrolysates increased, while the viscosity and emulsion stability decreased. High molecular weight chitosan hydrolysates (>30 kDa) exhibited 800% of fat binding capacity, while low molecular weight ones $(3{\sim}30\;kDa)$ showed 500% of fat binding capacity. Water soluble chitosan hydrolysates exhibited no color differences. Freeze-thaw stability of chitosan hydrolysates was good, without variations among fractions. Cholesterol binding capacity of chitosan hydrolysates was changed from 24% to 36% with increasing molecular weights. From sensory evaluation of chitosan hydrolysates, it was found that bitterness, astringency, chemical flavor and fish flavor of chitosan hydrolysates were very weak.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 2006

For the purpose of developing a high quality agricultural microbial inoculant, methods and materials for improving encapsulation were investigated. Preparation of capsule was conducted by improving extrusion system with micro-nozzle and peristaltic pump. The sodium alginate was selected because of its cheapness, stability of cells, and gel formation ability. The yields, physical properties and gel formation abilities of extractable alginate from sea tangle were investigated by hot water extractable and alkali soluble methods. The extraction yields of hot water extractable alginate (HWEA) and alkali soluble alginate (ASA) from sea tangle were 8 and 20%, respectively. The HWEA was almost not viscous even in 1.5% of the sample solution, whereas the ASA was very highly viscous in above 3% sample solution. The gel formation ability of each samples varied from 1.5% to 5% and the ASA showed a good gel formation ability at 3% solution as commercial alginate (CA). The soil microbial inoculant, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Geotrichum candidum encapsulated sodium alginate with starch and zeolite for stabilizer. The survivability of encapsulated soil microbial inoculant using alginate without stabilizer appeared to be 66, 52, 70 and 50%, respectively. Inclusion of starch and zeolite with alginate bead increased viabilities in Bacillus sp. and Geotrichum candidum by 81-83% and 89%, respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2024

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a stable and an effective system that protects cell-impermeable biologically active compounds such as nucleic acids, proteins, and peptides against degradation caused by subtle environmental changes. This study focuses on developing LNPs encapsulating gallic acid (GA), an antioxidant, to effectively prolong the half-life of tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate (THDC), a oil-soluble vitamin C derivative. These LNPs were synthesized in small, uniform sizes at room temperature and pressure conditions using a microfluidics chip. Compared to liposomes manufactured under high pressure and high temperature conditions through conventional microfluidizers, LNPs manufactured through microfluidics chips had excellent dispersion and temperature stability, and improved skin absorption as well as improved oxidative stability of fat-soluble vitamin C derivatives. Future studies will focus on ex vivo and in vivo evaluations to study skin improvement to further validate these results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1374-1380
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• 2012

The changes in yields and nutritive composition of whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation and effects of maturity stage and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were investigated under laboratory conditions. Whole crop wheat harvested at three maturation stages: flowering stage, milk stage and dough stage. Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2) were inoculated for wheat ensiling at $1.0{\times}10^5$ colony forming units per gram of fresh forage. The results indicated that wheat had higher dry matter yields at the milk and dough stages. The highest water-soluble carbohydrates content, crude protein yields and relative feed value of wheat were obtained at the milk stage, while contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were the lowest, compared to the flowering and dough stages. Lactic acid contents of wheat silage significantly decreased with maturity. Inoculating homofermentative LAB1 markedly reduced pH values and ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) content (p<0.05) of silages at three maturity stages compared with their corresponding controls. Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly influence pH values, whereas it notably lowered lactic acid and $NH_3$-N content (p<0.05) and effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages. In conclusion, considering both yields and nutritive value, whole crop wheat as forage should be harvested at the milk stage. Inoculating LAB1 improved the fermentation quality, while inoculating LAB2 enhanced the aerobic stability of wheat silages at different maturity stages.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2000

Cosmetic industries have recently developed sun-block products, which are composed of W/O or O/W emulsion system. It was very difficult for waterproofing product to show the stability in W/O emulsion with $TiO_{2}$. To enhance the stability of W/O emulsion, it needs to be combined with the water and oil soluble components as the gelling agents. The emulsifiers used in W/O were 3.0% of cetyl dimethicone copolyol, 2.0% of sorbitan sesquioleate as the basic emulsifiers, and 0.6% of quaternium-18 bentonite and 1.5% of dextrin palmitate as stabilizer were used. The content of titanium dioxide was optimized up to 8.0%. Titanium dioxide was used as the UV scattering powder coated with $Al_{2}O_{3}$(UV-sperse T40/TN). The sunscreen cream prepared with W/O emulsion system by using QB and DP showed higher stability than that of W/O emulsion system by using each QB and DP. W/O emulsion from Formula 3 for passing one year was very durable more than F1 and F2. Within W/O emulsion by observing F1, F2 and F3 for one year, F3 was more excellent than F2 and F3 when they were observed at RT, $4^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, because F3 used the mixed QB and DP in W/O emulsion. The zeta potential for F1, F2, and F3 after one year were 21, 30 and 43, respectively. From these result F3 was found best stable emulsion. The in-vitro SPF value for F3 was 35 for the initial product at room temperature and also, the in-vitro SPF values of F3 was 32 for after one year. Finally, the mean in-vivo SPF value of 10 volunteers for F3 was 27.3 by the Korea cosmetic association made the rules of SPF.