• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2015

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied informations relating to develop the cultivation methods and to increase the productivity and quality of ginseng. 1 to 6 year old ginsengs of Jakyung cultivar were cultivated and the content and synthetic amount of carbohydrates were investigated with different plant tissues, growth stages, and years old. The concentration of total carbohydrates at six year old ginseng including water soluble and water insoluble carbohydrates was about 18.9%, 42.9%, and 43,6% in leaves, tap roots, and lateral roots, respectively. Water soluble carbohydrate of tap and lateral roots was slightly decreased from August until September, and then increased on November, whereas its water insoluble carbohydrate was increased from August to September and then decreased on November. Comparing with the content of carbohydrates of 1 to 6 year old ginsengs, it was continuously increased from one year old ginseng until five year old ginseng, however it was not increased much in six year old ginseng. The highest content of carbohydrates was at five year-old in all tissues of ginseng. Water soluble and water insoluble carbohydrates were significantly shown different in leaves, stems, tap roots, and lateral root at different growth stages and with different years old. The content of water soluble carbohydrate in the leaves was remarkedly higher compared to that of water insoluble carbohydrate, while in the root the content of water insoluble carbohydrate was clearly higher compared to the water soluble carbohydrate. Comparing with the synthetic amount of carbohydrates, water soluble carbohydrates was higher in the shoot than that in the root, whereas water-insoluble carbohydrates higher in the root than that in the shoot. Carbohydrates which would be utilized in ginseng tissues for short and long-term periods as major energy were appeared differently in between shoot and root, with different growth stages, and years old.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1386-1398
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• 2010

Soybean contains a high concentration of carbohydrates that consist mainly of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. The NSP can be divided into insoluble NSP (mainly cellulose) and soluble NSP (composed mainly of pectic polymers, which are partially soluble in water). Monogastric animals do not have the enzymes to hydrolyze these carbohydrates, and thus their digestion occurs by means of bacterial fermentation. The fermentation of soybean carbohydrates produces short chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by animals. The utilization efficiency of the carbohydrates is related to the chemical structure, the level of inclusion in the diet, species and age of the animal. In poultry, soluble NSP can increase digesta viscosity, reduce the digestibility of nutrients and depress growth performance. In growing pigs, these effects, in particular the effect on gut viscosity, are often not so obvious. However, in weaning piglets, it is reported that soy oligosaccharides and soluble NSP can cause detrimental effects on intestinal health. In monogastrics, consideration must be given to the anti-nutritive effect of the NSP on nutrient digestion and absorption on one hand, as well as the potential benefits or detriments of intestinal fermentation products to the host. This mirrors the needs for i) increasing efficiency of utilization of fibrous materials in monogastrics, and ii) the maintenance and improvement of animal health in antibiotic-free production systems, on the other hand. For example, ethanol/water extraction removes the low molecular weight carbohydrate fractions, such as the oligosaccharides and part of the soluble pectins, leaving behind the insoluble fraction of the NSP, which is devoid of anti-nutritive activities. The resultant product is a high quality soy protein concentrate. This paper presents the composition and chemical structures of carbohydrates present in soybeans and discusses their nutritive and anti-nutritive effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs and poultry.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.319-324
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• 2005

This study was conducted to identify the soluble carbohydrates in soybean seeds using on-line HPLC-RID-ES/MS and HPLC behavior, and to deter­mine their contents for high quality soybean breeding. The monosaccharide (glucose) and three oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) were identified in Korean soybeans by their chromatographic behavior and results of on-line HPLC-RID-MS with Electro­spray Ionization mode. On the basis of HPLC with a RID detector, the 32 Korean major soybeans contain $0.37{\pm}0.26\%$ glucose, $4.55{\pm}0.91\%$ sucrose, $1.19{\pm}0.19\%$ raffinose, and $2.72{\pm}0.37\%$ stachyose on a dry basis. In 468 soybean germplasms, the ranges of glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose were $0.03 - 0.98\%$, $2.33 - 6.96\%$, $0.08 -1.87\%$ and $0.75 - 3.18\%$, respectively. Among 500 soybean samples, oligosaccharide contents of 32 Korean major cultivated soybeans and 468 soybean germplasms were varied $5.83 - 10.06\%$ and $3.66 - 10.32\%$, respectively. The composition of glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose in soluble carbo­hydrates of 500 soybean samples were $2.07 {\pm} 1.75\%$, $58.01{\pm}5.82\%$, $10.13{\pm}2.28\%$ and $29.80{\pm}4.54\%$, respectively. Sucrose appeared to be most prevalent in soy­bean soluble carbohydrates.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.652-658
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• 2013

A huge number of greenhouse soils in Korea have accumulated mineral elements which induce many nutritional and pathological problems. The present study was performed to the effects of the reduced fertilization on plant growth, and uptake and partitioning of minerals (N, P, K) and soluble carbohydrates using highly minerals-accumulated farmer's greenhouse soil. On the basis of the recommended application for tomato crop, the application rates of N, P and K were 110(50%)-5.2(5%)-41.5(35%)kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively, using Hoagland's nutrient solution. Tomato growth rates during the whole experiment were not significant between treatments, but it was found that a decrease in daily growth represented after 60 days of treatment (DAT). The reduced application led to a drastic decrease in the concentration of N, P and K in fruits, and, thus, this resulted in lower uptake after 40 DAT. The lower phloem export and utilization of soluble carbohydrates caused an accumulation of extra-carbohydrates in leaves, stems and fruits in the reduced application. The reduced fertilization induced the capture of N, P and K in leaves and of soluble carbohydrates in stems compared to the conventional application. In this study, we suggest that it is possible to delay the first fertigation time in minerals-accumulated soils without an adverse impact on crop growth, but it is necessary to regularly monitor mineral status in soil to ensure a balanced uptake, synthesis and partitioning of minerals and carbohydrates.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.331-342
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• 1995

An investigation was performed to reveal the removal rates of organic constituents of the litters in a Phragmithea longivalvis grassland in a Delta of the Nakdong River, The removal rates of the inorganic and organic materials are determined by the mathematical models. The removal rates and time required to decay up to a percentage of each organic constituent were calculated using these new models. The removal rates of cold water soluble fractions, other carbohydrates, hot water soluble fractions, cellulose, crude fat, lignin and crude protein were 2.67, 1.39, 1.25, 1.02, 0.92, 0.49 and 0.47, respectively, The periods required to reach half time to the steady state of the removal and accumulation for cold water soluble fractions, other carbohydrates, hot water soluble fractions, cellulose, crude fat, lignin and crude protein of the litter were 0.26, 0.50, 0.55, 0.68, 0.75, 1.41 and 1.48 years, respectively.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 1978

The experiment were carried out to determine the rate of regrowth, the changes of carbohydrates contained in the samples right after cutting, plant part for storage of carbohydtates and top-dressing time of ladino clover and orchardgrass. Plants were grown in the simple growth chamber as well as in the fields. The temperature, light intensity and light period were controlled to be 15-20$^{\circ}$, 4,250 Lux, and 15 hours in the simple growth chamber. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. The period of recovery to initial stands after cutting was about 3 weeks in ladino clover and 4-5 weeks in orchard grass in terms of dry matter and carbohydrates. 2. The content of total water-soluble carbohydrates of plant parts was the hightest in stolon of ladino clover and in sheath of orchardgrass, and the lowest in roots of ladino clover and orchardgrass. 3. Cutting resulted in a temporary decrease of total water-soluble carbohydrates in the shoots. Similar trends were observed when the plants were left intact with top-dressing. 4. The top-dressing applied simultalliousely with the cutting was more effective to stimu1ate regrowth than that applied after cutting, however, both of the simultaneous and after cutting application were still better than application prior to cutting.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 1995

한국산 마의 주요 품종인 D. batatas, D. aimadoimo 및 D. japonica 등 3가지 품종의 일반성분을 분석하여 비교하였고 각 시료들을 동결건조하여 분말로 만든 다음 분획하여 HPLC에 의한 탄수화물의 조성과 함량, DNS법에 의한 환원당을 정량하였다. 탄수화물 중 유리당을 구성하는 주된 조성은 fructose, glucose, sucrose 및 maltose 등이었고 이 중 D. batatas에서는 glucose와 sucrose, D. aimadoimo와 D. japonica에서는 fructose와 sucrose가 가장 많은 부분을 차지하고 있었다. 총당은 주로 mannose와 glucose로 구성 되었고 3가지 품종 모두 mannose가 80% 이상으로, 이는 마가 감자나 고구마보다 끈끈한 점질물로 알려진 mannan이 많기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. Soluble fraction과 전체 마에서의 환원당 정량결과 soluble fraction에서 당함량은 D. aimadoimo가 가장 많았고, insoluble fraction에서 당함량은 D. japonica가 가장 많았다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권7호
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• pp.1062-1067
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• 2014

콩 함유 수용성 탄수화물의 동시분석 시 증기화광산란검출법(HPLC/ELSD) 및 굴절율검출법(HPLC/RID)의 분석 효율성, 정밀성 및 재현성을 상호 비교, 평가하여 콩 함유 수용성 탄수화물의 효율적 분석방법을 제공하고자 하였다. HPLC/ELSD 분석법 적용 시 콩 함유 수용성 탄수화물의 정량한계(LOQ)를 확인한 결과 5.6~7.6 mg/kg 범위를 나타낸 반면, RID는 16.2~33.9 mg/kg 범위를 나타내어 HPLC/ELSD 분석법이 RID 분석법 대비 감도가 향상된 양상을 확인하였고, intra-day(n=10) 및 inter-day(n=5) 분석재현성 평가에서도 피크의 머무름 시간(Rt.) 및 면적(peak area) 모두 최대 2.5% 미만의 변이계수를 나타내어 높은 분석 재현성을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 농도별 표준시약을 이용하여 검량식의 직선성을 확인한 결과 모든 성분이 고도의 직선성($R^2$ >0.999)이 유지되어 정량적 분석이 가능함을 확인하였다. 콩 함유 수용성 탄수화물의 함량을 HPLC/ELSD 및 RID 방법으로 상호 비교한 결과 HPLC/ELSD 분석법을 적용하였을 경우 RID 분석법 대비 각 수용성 탄수화물의 함량이 더 높게 평가됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2014

Plastic film houses are directly associated with increases in plant growth and yield of vegetable crops through a year round cultivation, however, at the same time temperature stresses are one of fates which are difficult to avoid during crop growth. The objective of this study was to examine the translocation and distribution of minerals (N, P, K) and carbohydrates as well as seasonal fluctuation of mineral uptake and carbohydrate production in cucumber plant grown under moderately high temperature. The temperature treatments consisted of 2-layers film houses (optimal temp.) and 3-layers (high temp.). Shoot growth of cucumber plants were linearly increased until 14 weeks after transplanting (WAT) without any significant difference between both temperatures, and the slowdown was observed from 16 WAT. The level of soluble sugar and starch was slightly greater in optimal temperature compared to the high. Cumulative accumulation of soluble sugar was significantly different before and after 12 WAT in both treatments, whereas starch level represented a constant increase. Monthly production of soluble sugar reached the peak between 12 to 16 WAT, and starch peaked between 4 to 8 WAT and 12 to 16 WAT. Total uptake of N, P and K in optimal and high temperature conditions was $18.4g\;plant^{-1}$ and 17.6 for N, 4.7 and 5.1 for P, and 37.7 and 36.2 for K, respectively, and the pattern of monthly N uptake between optimal and high temperatures was greater in early growth stage, whereas was greater in mid growth stage in both P and K. Thus, this study suggests that moderately high temperature influences much greater to photosynthesis and carbohydrate production than plant biomass and mineral uptake. On the basis of the present result, it is required to indentify analysis of respiration rates from plant and soil by constantly increasing temperature conditions and field studies where elevated temperatures are monitored and manipulated.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2000

Two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.), Hwa-seongbyeo of Japonica type and Taebackbyeo of Indica/Japonica type, were cultivated with hydroponic culture to examine nitrogen effects on the growth responses, contents and utilizations of carbohydrates, and the ripening velocity of grains with three different N levels. Plant height and tiller number were clearly increased to 80 ppm N level compared to 40 ppm N level and then they were slightly decreased in N level of 120 ppm. Higher dry weights were appeared with 80 ppm N level than did with other N levels, showing statistically differences in both cultivars and N levels, while dry weight of roots was heavier with decreasing the N levels. Therefore, T/R ratios were not significantly different among N levels, although there was statistically differences between rice cultivars. After the flowering stage, higher water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and water-insoluble carbohydrate (WISC) were contained in stem compared with other parts, showing that WISC of sheath and stem, unlike WSC, was significantly different among N levels. Starch of grain, WISC, was remarkedly increased from 3.0% at just after the flowering to 52.0% and 75.0% at 15 and 30 day after the flowering, respectively, showing that lower N application had faster accumulation of starch in rice grains. N would affect the contents of carbohydrates of each tissue, and starch accumulation in rice grains.