• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 1994

This study was carried out to clarify the sediment export by measuring suspended solids included in streamflow during the rainy season. The study area is located in Experimental Forests, Kangwon National University, where the forest road is under construction. For this purpose, the forest watershed with construction of forest road was compared with normal forest watershed in amount of rainfall and discharge, suspended solids and discharge, and the amount of rainfall and suspended solids. The results were shown as followings. 1. The relationship of discharge and the amount of rainfall was shown as Table 3 and Fig. 3. The delay time of peak point observed in hydrograph was changed by rainfall intensity and amount of previous rainfall. That is, when there was a rain on 12. Jun(more than 20mm/hour for hours), the peak point began three hours after the rainfall intensity over 20mm/hour, and showed $1514m^3/hour$ in automatic water level recorder. In case of the 8th of Aug.(maximum rainfall intensity: 40mm/hour), the peak point of discharge was $1246m^3/hour$ in the same time with maximum rainfall intensity. And on the 20th of Aug.(the maximum rainfall intensity: 17.2mm/hour), the peak point of discharge was $1245m^3/hour$ two hours after the maximum rainfall intensity. 2. On watershed under forest road construction, the relationship between discharge and suspended solids is that suspended solids was proportionately increased by raising discharge. That is, on the 12th of Jun, the maximum of discharge per hour was $1514m^3/hour$ and 1261mg/l of suspended solids was observed an hour after peak point of discharge. And in case of 8th and 20th Aug., each of peak points is $1246m^3/hour$ and $1245m^3/hour$ by measuring time. The maximums of suspended solids measured within two watersheds were examined in value of 4952mg/l and 472mg/l at the same time. 3. During the rainy season, the concentration of suspended solids was influenced by rainfall intensity and indicated especially curve-regressional increase in case of strong rainfall intensity. In each of watersheds, the maximums of suspended solids were 1261mg/l and 125mg/l, 4952mg/l and 44mg/l, and 472mg/l and 4mg/l by the order of rain(a), (b), and (c). Two watersheds showed a remarkable difference.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.179-192
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• 1993

Three-dimensional cohesive sediment transport model, COSETM-3, is develpoed using a finite difference method. The model results are compared with the physical experimental results for the relative concentration with time at the mid-depth of the recirculating flume and are found to be in good agreement. This model is applied to Suyoung Bay in Pusan of Korea to verify the field applicability of the model and to investigate on the SS (suspended solids) diffusion phenomena at the bay. Behaviors of discharging SS from Suyoung River at normal river flow and flood river flow are predicted. The numerical results appear to be reasonable and qualitative agreement with field data. The influence of settling velocity on the concentration distribution of SS is also investigated. In case of not considering settling velocity, SS concentration at surface layer is higher than that at lower layer, but in case of considering settling velocity, SS concentration at lower layer is higher than that at surface layer. The fluctuation of SS concentration at surface layer is large due to the strong mixing, but the fluctuation of the concentration at lower layer is small due to the weak mixing. SS diffusion patterns at flood river flow are similar to those at normal river flow, while the concentration at that flow is so much higher than that at this flow. SS concentration increases with time until the peak discharge occurs, but the concentration decreases with time with decreasing river flow after the peak discharge.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.727-732
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• 2006

The object of this study was to investigate the influence of composition and concentration of electrolyte, ratio of cation to anion exchange resin of mixed ion exchange column in the performance of ion exchange. Also this work examined the removal capability of suspended solids by ion exchange resin and the effect of particule on the characteristics of ion exchange. Breakthrough time was extended as the amount of ions and particles present in liquid was decreased. The case of anion, the breakthrough sequence is $Cl^{-}, but the case of cation, the breakthrough sequence is $Na^{+}. As for the ratio of cation to anion exchange resin of 1:2, the breakthrough time was prolonged compared with that of 1:1 and 1:3. For the electrolyte of equal concentration containing suspended solid, breakthrough time was contracted less than 20%. It results in the increase in the removal capacity of cation exchange resin. For the higher ratio of cation exchange resin, suspended solids are shorten the cation's breakthrough time so that the runtime of ion exchange resin tower is increased.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of tree-spray of calcium formate compound extracted from oyster shell with several active agents on the calcium concentration, fruit skin shape and quality of 'Fuji' apple. The tree-spray of calcium formate compound extracted from oyster shell (Os-CaF, $52.4\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) appeared to have more effectiveness on the calcium translocation into leaves, fruit skin and flesh than control. Addition of adjuvants to Os-CaF increased calcium concentration of 'Fuji' apple when sprayed three times before harvest. Among the active agents examined, the treatment ascorbic acid and poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) in leaves, Ag-colloidal and PVA in fruit skin, ascorbic acid, Ag-colloidal, and PVA in fruit flesh exhibited highest effectiveness. Fruit qualities (fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids, acidity and Hunter value) were not affect by Os-CaF on different concentrations and solutions of active agents.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing additional sucrose, in the form of black sugar (BS), into the diet of Holstein dairy cows on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and milk composition. Eight Holstein dairy cows ($741{\pm}65.8kg$ body weight) were divided into two groups, including the control and BS groups. Animals in the control group were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum, and the BS group was offered TMR with 300 g of BS/head/d. After two weeks of adaptation period, the animal performance, including DMI, milk yield and milk composition, was measured. Cows supplemented with BS appeared to consume more feed than that by the controls (i.e., 17.08 and 18.28 kg/d for the control and BS groups, respectively). However, there were no significant differences between treatments. Milk yield or milk composition, such as milk fat, milk protein, lactose, solids-non-fat, total solids and pH, did not differ between treatments. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the concentration of milk urea nitrogen (MUN). The MUN concentration of the BS group was approximately 15% lower than that of the control group (i.e., 18.75 vs. 16.05 mg/dL for the control and BS groups, respectively), which suggests improved nitrogen metabolism in the animals. The somatic cell count was numerically lower in the cows of the BS group compared to those in the control group. However, a significant difference was not noted due to the substantial amount of variation among cows. In terms of the trace mineral composition for milk, the concentration of Cu from BS animals was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control animals. In summary, supplementing the diets of dairy cows with BS marginally affected animal performance and improved nitrogen metabolism. The level of supplementation and other factors, such as animal variation were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.454-458
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• 2012

The Characteristics of small scale water works at west Gyeong-nam was analyzed by investigationg the 6,569 cases which were carried out from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2010. The result of the research about treated water quality the highest mean concentration of fluorine was 0.19 mg/L at Hamyang the highest mean concentration of Nitrite nitrogen was 3.7 mg/L at Namhae each the highest mean concentration of Hardness, Total solids, Sulfate was 177 mg/L, 271 mg/L, 80 mg/L at Uiryeong. In the case of waterworks originated from valleys, the total bacterial count and turbidity were higher than ones originated from groundwater. On the other hand, nitrate nitrogen, total solids, hardness, sulfate, fluorine and iron were detected more than ones originated from valleys.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.49-55
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• 2017

Four chemical treatments with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), copper sulfate (CuSO₄), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) and chlorine (Cl₂) were applied to the effluent pond water of a hybrid striped bass saltwater recirculating aquaculture system to compare their oxidation power. Four chemicals were applied at concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/l. An additional concentration of 40 mg/l was included in the chlorine treatment. Water samples from four hybrid striped bass ponds were tested with KMnO₄ and Cl₂. H₂O₂ did not reduce any of BOD, COD and chlorophyll-a, and copper sulfate was only effective on chlorophyll-a for the effluent pond. Removal efficiencies for chlorophyll-a by copper sulfate were 19.2%, 37.5%, 54.2% and 74.1% dose-dependently. Potassium permanganate effectively removed the BOD, COD and chlorophyll-a. The COD removal rates in four fish ponds varied from 15.9% to 31.6% at the concentration of 10 mg/l. Interestingly, Cl₂ did not reduce the BOD and COD at all, but the BOD and COD instead increased drastically with increasing the Cl₂ concentration. The pond water with the highest initial BOD and COD values among the fish ponds tested increased by 350% in the BOD and 150% in the COD at 20 mg/l. Furthermore, Cl₂ did not significantly reduce any types of solid matter in this study, while KMnO₄ seemed to reduce some extent volatile dissolved solid in the fish pond.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2004

Effect of initial protein concentration on the protein removal rate was assessed for seawater aquarium using a foam separator. Protein removal rate was increased and removal efficiency was decreased with the increase of initial protein concentration. Enrichment ratio was decreased and foam generation rate was increased with the increase of initial protein concentration. Total suspended solids (TSS) removal rate was increased with the increase of initial protein concentration, and TSS removal efficiency was decreased with the increase of initial protein concentration. Turbidity removal rate and removal efficiency were increased with the increase of initial protein concentration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.419-425
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• 1988

The clarified apple juice was pre-concentrated by reverse osmosis system as a trial for reduction of heat treating time and quality drop in concentration of the juice. The permeate fluxes through CA 865 and CA 960 membranes were higher than those of HR 95 and HR 98 membranes even at the low operating pressure. In the concentration limit depended on the membranes used, HR membranes operated at 60 bar showed $29.0^{\circ}$Brix, and the time required to reach the limit was 86 min for HR 95 and 71 min for HR 98. In cases of CA membranes run at 30 bar, the juice concentration was linearly increased without the limit, and longer time to reach the same concentration was required in comparison with HR membranes. As the juice concentration was increased, the loss of soluble solids was increased, and the average contents of soluble solids in the permeate passed through HR 95, HR 98, CA 865 and CA 960 were 1.3, 0.5, 7.5 and $2.3^{\circ}$ Brix, respectively, in the juice concentration range of 20.0 -$25.0^{\circ}$ Brix. The lower amounts of sugars, total acid and flavor volatiles were involved in the permeate through HR membranes, especially HR 98 than in the permeate through CA membranes.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.1 s.115
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• pp.21-31
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to analyze trends of temporal water quality and trophic state in Andong and Imha reservoirs using chemical dataset during 1993 ${\sim}$ 2004, obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea. According to long-term limnological analyses, Suspended solids (SS) in Imha Reservoir were 2 ${\sim}$ 8 fold2 greater, than those in SS of Andong Reservoir, and the high solids increased total phosphorus (TP) and biological oxygen demand ($BOD_5$) and decreased the transparency, measured as Secchi depth (SD). Chlorophyll-a (CHL-a) increased little or decreased slightly in the both reservoirs during the high solids, resulting in reduced yields of CHL-a : TP ratios. The deviation analysis of Trophic State Index (TSI) in Imha Reservoir showed that about 70% of TSI (CHL-a)-TSI (SD) and TSI (CHL-a)-TSI(TP) values were less than zero and the lowest values were-60, indicating that influence of inorganic solids (or non-volatile solids) on phytoplankton growth was evident in Imha Reservoir and the impact was greater than that of Andong Reservoir. Inorganic solids in Imha Reservoir resulted in light limitation on phytoplankton growth and thus contributed variations in the relations among three parameters of trophic state index. Especially, seasonal data analysis of nutrients in both reservoirs showed that during the postmonsoon, mean TP concentration was Imha Reservoir greater in than that in Andong Reservoir. The higher TP concentrantion was mainly attributed to increases of inorganic solids from soil erosions and nonpoint source inputs within the watershed. The high inorganic turbidity in Imha Reservoir should be reduced for the conservation of water quality for, especially a tap water supply.