• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2023

Recently, in order to store and manage big data, research and development of a high-performance storage system capable of stably accessing large data have been actively conducted. In particular, storage systems in data centers and enterprise environments use large amounts of SSD (solid state disk) to manage large amounts of data. In general, SSD uses FTL(flash transfer layer) to hide the characteristics of NAND flash memory, which is a medium, and to efficiently manage data. However, FTL's algorithm has a limitation in using DRAM more to manage the location information of NAND where data is stored as the capacity of SSD increases. Therefore, this paper introduces FTL policies that apply virtual memory to reduce DRAM resources used in FTL. The virtual memory-based FTL policy proposed in this paper manages the map data by using LRU (least recently used) policy to load the mapping information of the recently used data into the DRAM space and store the previously used information in NAND. Finally, through experiments, performance and resource usage consumed during data write processing of virtual memory-based FTL and general FTL are measured and analyzed.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1806-1820
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• 2023

Objective: The present study was aimed primarily for estimating various genetic parameters (heritability, genetic correlations) of reproduction (age at first calving [AFC], first service period [FSP]); production (first lactation milk, solid-not fat, and fat yield) and lifetime traits (lifetime milk yield, productive life [PL], herd life [HL]) in Tharparkar cattle to check the association of reproduction traits with lifetime traits through two different methods (Frequentist and Bayesian) for comparative purpose. Methods: Animal breeding data of Tharparkar cattle (n = 964) collected from Livestock farm unit of ICAR-NDRI Karnal for the period 1990 through 2019 were analyzed using a Frequentist least squares maximum likelihood method (LSML; Harvey, 1990) and a multi-trait Bayesian-Gibbs sampler approach (MTGSAM) for genetic correlations estimation of all the traits. Estimated breeding values of sires was obtained by BLUP and Bayesian analysis for the production traits. Results: Heritability estimates of most of the traits were medium to high with the LSML (0.20±0.44 to 0.49±0.71) and Bayesian approach (0.24±0.009 to 0.61±0.017), respectively. However, more reliable estimates were obtained using the Bayesian technique. A higher heritability estimate was obtained for AFC (0.61±0.017) followed by first lactation fat yield, first lactation solid-not fat yield, FSP, first lactation milk yield (FLMY), PL (0.60±0.013, 0.60±0.006, 0.57±0.024, 0.57±0.020, 0.42±0.025); while a lower estimate for HL (0.38±0.034) by MTGSAM approach. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were negative for AFC-PL, AFC-HL, FSP-PL, and FSP-HL (-0.59±0.19, -0.59±0.24, -0.38±0.101 and -0.34±0.076) by the multi-trait Bayesian analysis. Conclusion: Breed and traits of economic importance are important for selection decisions to ensure genetic gain in cattle breeding programs. Favourable genetic and phenotypic correlations of AFC with production and lifetime traits compared to that of FSP indicated better scope of AFC for indirect selection of life-time traits at an early age. This also indicated that the present Tharparkar cattle herd had sufficient genetic diversity through the selection of AFC for the improvement of first lactation production and lifetime traits.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2002

We have constructed a high efficiency and broad tunable cw Ti:sapphire laser with a four-mirror symmetric Z-type laser cavity to increase the laser usability. From theoretical analyses and experimental data for a symmetric Z-type laser cavity containing a Kerr medium, the cavity mode size and the Kerr-lens mode-locking (KLM) strength for KLM lasers can be confirmed as function of the position in the cavity, the intracavity laser power, and the stability parameter. As a result, the slope efficiency and the maximum average output power of cw Ti:sapphire laser at 5 W pumping power of Ar-ion laser were 31.3% and 1420 ㎽ respectively. The tunablility was ranged from 730 ㎚ to 908 ㎚ with average output power above 700 ㎽. We obtained the KLM operation easily by self-aperturing effect in the Kerr medium and the slope efficiency and the maximum average output power of KLM Ti:sapphire laser was 16% and 550 ㎽ respectively. The spectral bandwidth was 33 ㎚ at the center wavelength of 807 ㎚ and the pulse width was 27 fs with a repetition rate of 82 ㎒.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1784-1791
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• 2016

Garlic was subjected to eight different cooking methods (raw, boiling, steaming, microwave cooking, deep-frying, oven-roasting, pan-frying, and pan-roasting) utilized for typical Korean cuisine. Garlic was analyzed for antioxidant activities and physicochemical properties to elucidate effects of cooking. Garlic cooked at higher temperatures showed significantly lower lightness and higher yellowness (P<0.001). In particular, deep-frying and pan-frying resulted in lowest lightness and soluble solid content, indicating that non-enzymatic browning reactions were more facilitated. Compared with raw garlic, all cooked garlic tended to have lower thiosulfinates, presumably due to decomposition into polysulfides and/or leaching into cooking water and oil. Microwave cooking retained organic acids, total reducing capacity, and flavonoids, which can be attributed to low microwave intensity and shorter cooking time under which heat-labile bioactive components might have undergone less decomposition. Cooking significantly increased metal-chelating activity (P<0.001). In addition, oven-roasting and pan-roasting enhanced total reducing capacity and flavonoid content, indicating that thermal treatments increased the extractability of bioactive components from garlic. However, boiling, deep-frying, and pan-frying, in which garlic is in contact directly with a hot cooking medium, reduced antioxidant activities. Deep-frying resulted in largest reduction in DPPH radical scavenging activity of garlic, which correlated well with reduction of total reducing capacity and flavonoid content. The results show that the antioxidant activity of garlic could be affected by cooking method, particularly heat intensity and/or direct contact of the cooking medium.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1997

This study was carried out to establish a mass production of normal somatic embryos of Oenanthe iavanica (BL.) DC. including examination of nitrogen and sucrose sources, and ABA concentration. Embryogenic cell clumps and embryos were formed on the MS medium devoid of growth regulators. Proliferation of embryogenic cells and clumps was enhanced by 2, 4-D. Meanwhile embryo growth and development occurred on the media containing NAA and IBA. Growth of embryos was generally good in the media containing both 20 mM $KNO_3$ and 20 mM $NH_4NO_3$. The rate of shoot forming embryos was higher on the media containing on1y 20mM $NH_4NO_3$ than on the former. Addition of sucrose at 3-6% enhanced the embryo development, and normal embryos with short hypocotyl was observed on the medium containing $10\mu\textrm{M}$ ABA. Embryogenic cell clumps or globular embryos, when transferred to MS solid media devoid of growth regulators, developed into mature embryos and then into plantlets which had entire primary leaves like zygotic seedlings.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 2011

This study focus was primarily the development of liquid starters for Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger prepared with wheat bran as a low cost culture medium. For the preparation of the liquid media wheat bran was added at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% and the Aspergillus sp. strains were then inoculated to these prepared broths. The results indicated that the more that wheat bran was contained in the medium, the more mycelia was produced for A. oryzae and A. niger. The highest enzyme activities were obtained with a 10~15% adding rate of wheat bran for both strains. Changes in the enzyme activities of the liquid starters during various incubation times (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs), indicated that the highest enzyme activities were seen between 48 and 72 hrs of culture. In addition, a comparative study was carried out on the production of enzymes using wheat as a substrate in nuruk, with liquid starter made from fermented agents according to the same concentrations used with the wheat bran. The pH, acidity, amino acidity, reducing sugar content and enzyme activity (${\alpha}$-amylase, glucoamylase, acidic protease) of wheat nuruk made with liquid starter were compared with those of wheat nuruk made with solid starter. The results suggest that the liquid starter is superior in both cases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.204-213
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• 2008

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 43 days in milk (DIM) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to determine the effect of feeding extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profile. One hundred and twenty lactating Holstein cows, 58 (${\pm}31$) DIM, were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized block design to study the effects of the three types of oilseeds on production parameters and milk fatty acid profile. The four diets were a control diet (CON) and three diets in which 10% extruded soybean (ESB), 5% ground canola seed (GCS) and 10% whole cottonseed (WCS) were included, respectively. Diets consisted of concentrate mix, corn silage and Chinese wild rye and were balanced to similar concentrations of CP, NDF and ADF. Ruminal fermentation results showed that ruminal fermentation parameters, dry matter intake and milk yield were not significantly affected by treatments. However, compared with the control, feeding cows with the three oilseed diets reduced C14:0 and C16:0 and elevated C18:0 and C18:1 concentrations in milk, and feeding ESB increased C18:2 and cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Production results showed that feeding ESB tended to increase actual milk yield (30.85 kg/d vs. 29.29 kg/d) and significantly decreased milk fat percentage (3.53% vs. 4.06%) compared with CON. Milk protein (3.41%) and solid non-fat (13.27%) from cows fed WCS were significantly higher than from cows fed CON (3.24% and 12.63%, respectively). Milk urea N concentrations from cows fed the ESB (164.12 mg/L) and GCS (169.91 mg/L) were higher than cows fed CON (132.31 mg/L). However, intake of DM, 4% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, milk fat and protein yields, milk lactose percentage and yield, somatic cell count and body condition score were not affected by different treatments. The proportion of medium-chain fatty acid with 14 to 16 C units in milk was greatly decreased in cows fed ESB, GCS and WCS. Feeding ESB increased the concentration in milk of C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and cis9, trans11-CLA content by 16.67%, 37.36%, 95.24%, 72.22%, respectively, feeding GCS improved C18:0 and C18:1 by 17.41% and 33.28%, respectively, and feeding WCS increased C18:0 by 31.01% compared with feeding CON. Both ruminal fermentation and production trial results indicated that supplementation of extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed could elevate the desirable poly- and monounsaturated fatty acid and decrease the medium chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid content of milk fat without negative effects on ruminal fermentation and lactation performance.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.133-142
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• 1980

Poria cocos, a parasite on Pinus densiflora was studied for its optimum growing condition from May 1, 1979 to November 15, 1980. 1) The optimum pH value was 5.0, and it had poor growth below pH 3.0 and no growth above pH 7.0. 2) The optimum temperatures were $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$, and it had poor growth below $5^{\circ}C$. 3) On Robbins and Herrey's solid media, malt extract(diameter of colony at 2% of the above material was 90mm) and tomato extract(at 8% was 90mm) gave the best growth. 4) By Badcock method, the best growth was obtained in P.D.A. supplemented with accelerator 5% of the above material of liquid media(85mm in diameter of colony) and malt extract 2% of P.D.A. added with accelerator 5% of them of liquid media(410mg of hyphae of dry weight) but the growth rate was poor in the media of wood extract agar supplemented with accelerator 5% of the above material giving 30mm diameter of the colony. 5) The growth on Robbins basal medium supplemented with Quercus accutissima extract showed 305. 3mg of hyphae of dry weight and Robinia pseudoacasia was supplemented with it showed 256.3mg of them. 6) The best growth was obtained in Jennison basal medium supplemented with L-asparagine showing 44.3mg of hyphae of dry weight.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.47-55
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the color characteristics of preferred clothing textiles of college students. One hundred nine male and female college students were evaluated for their preference to clothing textiles in previous research. To analyze the color characteristics, spectral data were measured. Color, color tone, and values of $L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$ according to clothing item were compared. In addition, chromaticity diagram was drawn. The results of this study were as following. 1. The color of the shirts textile that college student preferred most in spring/fall was PB(purple blue) color, lt(light) tone. In general, the preferred textiles for shirts represented a simple color that is close to achromatic color with light and soft shade. The color of the blouse textiles that college student preferred most was PB color, d(dull), g(grayish) and W(white) tone. 2. The most frequently shown color of upper garment was PB, followed by Y(yellow) for shirt and R(red) for blouses. College students prefer a simple color which is close to achromatic color, and a light and soft color was preferred for shirts fabric and they preferred various, medium shades, but closer to pure colors for blouses because college students tend to consider that the aesthetic side is important and usually wear blouses less often than shirts. 3. For slacks, the colors of the preferred textiles were B(blue), PB color and lt.g.(light grayish), g, d and bk(black) tone. Therefore, the preferred textiles for slacks represented simple colors such as bluish or close to achromatic color with light or dark shade. For skirt, YR(yellow red), PB color and lt.g, lt, d. tone were preferred. Therefore, soft light or moderately toned various colors that are close to pure color were especially preferred for skirts. 4. The colors of preferred fabrics for slacks and skirts differed. The colors of the preferred fabrics for slacks were mostly cold color, whereas those of skirts were mostly warm color. And college students preferred various, medium shaded and closer to pure colors for skirts because they tend to consider the aesthetic side as being important. 5. The pattern of preferred fabrics was mostly solid, regardless of clothing item, and melange was the second most preferred pattern. 6. Through the analysis of $L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$ values, shirt and blouse textiles showed higher $L^*$ value than that of slacks and skirt. The preferred textiles of college students were generally close to achromatic color because the values of $a^*$, and $b^*$ were very low, as confirmed by the result of the chromaticity diagram.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7085-7090
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• 2014

Objective: To make the clinical evaluation of a solid-state human papillomavirus (HPV) sampling medium in combination with an economical HPV testing method ($careHPV^{TM}$) for cervical cancer screening. Methods: 396 women aged 25-65 years were enrolled for cervical cancer screening, and four samples were collected. Two samples were collected by woman themselves, among which one was stored in DCM preservative solution (called "liquid sample") and the other was applied on the Whatman Indicating FTA $Elute^{(R)}$ card (FTA card). Another two samples were collected by physician and stored in DCM preservative solution and FTA card, respectively. All the samples were detected by $careHPV^{TM}$ test. All the women were administered a colposcopy examination, and biopsies were taken for pathological confirmation if necessary. Results: FTA card demonstrated a comparable sensitivity of detecting high grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) with the liquid sample carrier for self and physician-sampling, but showed a higher specificity than that of liquid sample carrier for self-sampling (FTA vs Liquid: 79.0% vs 71.6%, p=0.02). Generally, the FTA card had a comparable accuracy with that of Liquid-based medium by different sampling operators, with an area under the curve of 0.807 for physician &FTA, 0.781 for physician &Liquid, 0.728 for self & FTA, and 0.733 for self &Liquid (p>0.05). Conclusions: FTA card is a promising sample carrier for cervical cancer screening. With appropriate education programmes and further optimization of the experimental workflow, FTA card based self-collection in combination with centralized $careHPV^{TM}$ testing can help expand the coverage of cervical cancer screening in low-resource areas.