• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.373-386
• /
• 2022

The development of performance-based design methodologies requires a reasonable definition of a displacement-response spectrum. Although ground motions are known to be significantly affected by the resonant-like amplification behavior caused by multiple wave reflections within the surface soil, such a soil-resonance effect is seldom explicitly considered in current-displacement spectral models. In this study, an analytical approach is developed for the construction of displacement-response spectra by considering the soil-resonance effect. For this purpose, a simple and rational equation is proposed for the response spectral ratio at the site fundamental period (SRTg) to represent the soil-resonance effect based on wave multiple reflection theory. In addition, a bilinear model is adopted to construct the soil displacement-response spectra. The proposed model is verified by comparing its results with those obtained from actual observations and SHAKE analyses. The results show that the proposed model can lead to very good estimations of SRTg for harmonic incident seismic waves and lead to reasonable estimations of SRTg and soil displacement-response spectra for earthquakes with a relatively large magnitude, which are generally considered for seismic design, particularly in high-seismicity regions.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.263-275
• /
• 2022

Structural collapses can occur as a result of a dynamic amplification of either, the building's seismic response or the ground shaking by local site effects; one of the reasons is a resonance effect due to the proximity of the structural elastic fundamental period TE and the soil fundamental period TS. We evaluate the vulnerability to resonance effects in Guadalajara, México, in a three-step schema: 1) we define structural systems in the building environment of western Guadalajara, in terms of their construction materials and structural components; 2) we estimate TE with different equations, to obtain a representative value in elastic conditions for each structural system; and, 3) we evaluate the resonance vulnerability by the analysis of the ratio between TE and TS. We observe that the larger the soil fundamental period, the higher the resonance vulnerability for buildings with height between 17 and 39 m. For the sites with a low TS, the most vulnerable buildings will be those with a height between 2 and 9 m. These results can be a helpful tool for disaster prevention, by avoiding the construction of buildings with certain heights and structural characteristics that would result in a dangerous proximity between TE and TS.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제3권3_4호
• /
• pp.549-561
• /
• 2012

Many building foundations are embedded, however it is not easy to compact the backfill around the foundation especially for the deeply embedded ones. The soil condition around the embedded foundation may affect the seismic response of a building due to the weak contact between the soil and the foundation. In this paper, the response accelerations in the short-period range and at the period of 1 second (in the long-period range) for a seismic design spectrum specified in the IBC design code were compared considering perfect and poor backfills to investigate the effect of backfill compaction around the embedded foundation. An in-house finite-element software (P3DASS) which has the capability of horizontal pseudo-3D seismic analysis with linear soil layers was used to perform the seismic analyses of the structure-soil system with an embedded foundation. Seismic analyses were carried out with 7 bedrock earthquake records provided by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), scaling the peak ground accelerations to 0.1 g. The results indicate that the poor backfill is not detrimental to the seismic response of a building, if the foundation is not embedded deeply in the soft soil. However, it is necessary to perform the seismic analysis for the structure-soil system embedded deeply in the soft soil to check the seismic resonance due to the soft soil layer beneath the foundation, and to compact the backfill as well as possible.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.87-103
• /
• 2014

This study investigated the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the response of base-isolated buildings. Seismic isolation can significantly reduce the induced seismic loads on a relatively stiff building by introducing flexibility at its base and avoiding resonance with the predominant frequencies of common earthquakes. To provide a better understanding of the movement behavior of multi-story structures during earthquakes, this study analyzed the dynamic behavior of multi-story structures with high damping rubber bearing (HDRB) behavior base isolation systems that were built on soft soil. Various models were developed, both with and without consideration of SSI. Both the superstructure and soil were modeled linearly, but HDRB was modeled non-linearly. The behavior of the specified models under dynamic loads was analyzed using SAP2000 computer software. Erzincan, Marmara and Duzce Earthquakes were chosen as the ground motions. Following the analysis, the displacements, base shear forces, top story accelerations, base level accelerations, periods and maximum internal forces were compared in isolated and fixed-base structures with and without SSI. The results indicate that soil-structure interaction is an important factor (in terms of earthquakes) to consider in the selection of an appropriate isolator for base-isolated structures on soft soils.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.167-178
• /
• 2024

The natural frequency shift under cyclic environmental loads is a key issue in the design of monopile-based offshore wind power turbines because of their dynamic sensitivity. Existing evidence reveals that the natural frequency shift of the turbine system in sand is related to the varying foundation stiffness, which is caused by soil deformation around the monopile under cyclic loads. Therefore, it is an urgent need to investigate the effect of soil deformation on the system frequency. In the present paper, three generalized geometric models that can describe soil deformation under two-way cyclic loads are proposed. On this basis, the cycling-induced changes in soil parameters around the monopile are quantified. A theoretical approach considering three-spring foundation stiffness is employed to calculate the natural frequency during cycling. Further, a parametric study is conducted to describe and evaluate the frequency shift characteristics of the system under different conditions of sand relative density, pile slenderness ratio and pile-soil relative stiffness. The results indicate that the frequency shift trends are mainly affected by the pile-soil relative stiffness. Following the relevant conclusions, a design optimization is proposed to avoid resonance of the monopile-based wind turbines during their service life.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.734-742
• /
• 2016

최근 21세기에 접어들어 무분별한 발전의 결과로 석탄, 석유 등의 화석연료가 고갈되고 있으며, 지구 온난화가 진행중이다. 이미 유럽과 미국 등의 선진국에서는 신재생 에너지 분야에 관심을 갖고 있으며, 그 중에서도 풍력에너지가 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 풍력발전타워는 운용 중 주기적인 하중의 발생으로 만들어지는 주파수를 회피하여 설계를 해야 한다. 일반적으로 구조해석 과정 시 지반을 고정단 경계조건으로 해석한다. 하지만, 고정단 경계조건의 경우 지반 조건 상호작용을 고려하지 못하여 목표 진동수를 벗어나게 된다. 본 연구에서는 용량 별 지반경계 조건 및 기초의 근입깊이를 고려한 고유진동수 효과를 연구하였으며, 변수에 따른 차이를 확인하였다. 결과적으로 고정단 경계조건 모델은 지반조건과 근입깊이의 영향을 받지 않으며, Coupled Spring 경계조건 모델은 지반조건에는 영향을 받지만, 근입깊이에는 영향을 받지 않는다. Winkler Spring 경계조건의 경우에는 지반조건과 근입깊이에 모두 영향을 받는다. 하지만, 얕은 깊이의 지반에서는 지반조건의 영향을 받지 않으므로 Coupled Spring 경계조건 모델을 활용한 지반조건 별 해석을 수행하는 것이 효과적이다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2010

노상토의 동상 가능성이 없는 경우 동상방지층을 생략한다. 이러한 조건에서 노상토의 동결 융해가 발생하면, 동상이 없는 상태에서 탄성계수 변화를 수반하고, 포장설계에서 이를 합당하게 고려해야 한다. 동결 융해 과정의 연속적인 탄성계수 변화를 효과적으로 규명하고자 비파괴시험인 충격공진시험(IR, Impact Resonance)을 도입하였다. 동결 융해 과정에서 수분의 공급이 차단된 폐쇄형 동결조건에서 노상토의 탄성계수는 동결 융해 반복횟수에 무관하게 일정한 값으로 나타났다. 또한 시험에 적용한 모든 함수비 및 다짐도 조건에서 동결전의 탄성계수와 동결 융해 후의 탄성계수는 변화가 거의 없이 일정한 값으로 나타났다. 즉 폐쇄형 동결 융해 조건에서는 노상토의 융해 강성도 감소(thaw-weakening)가 발생하지 않았다. 동결시 탄성계수는 다짐도 및 함수비에 따라서 변화하였으나, 포장설계 관점에서는 무시 가능한 수준으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.13-18
• /
• 2014

Bacillus subtilis JW-1 was isolated from rhizosphere soil as a potential biocontrol agent of bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Seed treatment followed by a soil drench application with this strain resulted in >80% reduction in bacterial wilt disease compared with that in the untreated control under greenhouse conditions. The antibacterial compound produced by strain JW-1 was purified by bioactivity-guided fractionation. Based on mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data ($^1H$, $^{13}C$, $^1H-^1H$ correlation spectroscopies, rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy), the structure of this compound was elucidated as a cyclic lipopeptide composed of a heptapeptide (Gln-Leu-Leu-Val-Asp-Leu-Leu) bonded to a ${\beta}$-hydroxy-iso-hexadecanoic acid arranged in a lactone ring system.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.245-254
• /
• 2020

The interaction between the frozen soil and building structures deteriorates with the increasing temperature. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) stratification test was conducted with respect to the unfrozen water content on the interface and a shear test was conducted on the frozen soil-structure interface to explore the shear characteristics of the frozen soil-structure interface and its failure mechanism during the thawing process. The test results showed that the unfrozen water at the interface during the thawing process can be clearly distributed in three stages, i.e., freezing, phase transition, and thawing, and that the shear strength of the interface decreases as the unfrozen water content increases. The internal friction angle and cohesive force display a change law of "as one falls, the other rises," and the minimum internal friction angle and maximum cohesive force can be observed at -1℃. In addition, the change characteristics of the interface strength parameters during the freezing process were compared, and the differences between the interface shear characteristics and failure mechanisms during the frozen soil-structure interface freezing-thawing process were discussed. The shear strength parameters of the interface was subjected to different changes during the freezing-thawing process because of the different interaction mechanisms of the molecular structures of ice and water in case of the ice-water phase transition of the test sample during the freezing-thawing process.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.69-85
• /
• 2013

With the sustainability movement, vegetated building envelopes are gaining more popularity. This requires special wind effect investigations, both from sustainability and resiliency perspectives. The current paper focuses on wind load estimation on small- and full-scale trees used as part of green roofs and balconies. Small-scale wind load assessment was carried out using a wind tunnel testing in a global-effect study to understand the interference effects from surrounding structures. Full-scale trees were investigated at a large open-jet facility in a local-effect study to account for the wind-tree interaction. The effect of Reynolds number combined with shape change on the overall loads measured at the base of the trees (near the roots) has been investigated by testing at different model-scales and wind speeds. In addition, high-speed tests were conducted to examine the security of the trees in soil and to assess the effectiveness of a proposed structural mitigation system. Results of the current research show that at relatively high wind speeds the load coefficients tend to be reduced, limiting the wind loads on trees. No resonance or vortex shedding was visually observed.