• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 2011

This study was carried out to select salt tolerant zoysiagrass breeding lines. Eighty two native zoysiagrasses collected from S. Korea were used in this study. Saline water were prepared by mixing sea water and tap water. ECw levels of saline water treated ranged from 2 to $3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Zoysiagrass planted in pot by sprigging were soaked into the plastic box containing saline water. Winter injury was investigated under the pot condition. Most of Z. japonica types did not show winter injury. But Z. tenuifolia type, Z. matrella type, and Z. sinica type showed winter injury under the pot condition at Cheonan area. NaCl level in soil was increased from 0% to 0.51% by treatment of saline water. Soil ECe measurement showed upto $170dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Z. tenuifolia type (Z5034), Z. matrella type ('Konhee', Z4109, 'Semill'), Z. japonica type (Z1055, Z1040, Z1008, 'Zenith', 'Millock') and medium leaf type zoysiagrass (Z6096, Z6118, Z6021, Z6074) resulted in below 30% leaf firing under the saline condition. This approach might be useful for selecting salt tolerant breeding lines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.398-404
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• 1993

This study was conducted in order to obtain the information for yield improvement in saline paddy. Saline concentration, growth and yield of rice, being subjected to different flooding times and days to transplanting were investigated in saline paddy with 0.35 % and 0.5 % salt concentration. Saline concentration of soil was increased to 0.41 % just after rotary in the paddy with 0.35 % salinity, but decreased to 0.20 % after 3 to 4 times of flooding treatment. And also that of surface water was decreased from 0.2 % to 0.11 %. Saline concentration of soil in 5cm depth was decreased to 0.31 % by one time flooding and to 0.22% by 3～4 times flooding but salinity below 7cm depth showed slight decrease. Seedling death was exceeded 37 % when transplanted one day after rotary in the paddy with 0.35% salinity. Death ratio was decreased to 20% by three times flooding and transplanting six days after rotary. In paddy with 0.5 % salinity, death ratio was high but the tendency was very similar to 0.35 % field. In 0.35 % saline paddy field, yields were increased by 14 % by three times flooding and transplanting six days after rotary as compared to one time flooding and transplanting are day after rotary. Therefore, 3 to 4 times flooding and transplanting 5 to 6 days after rotary are desirable in high saline paddy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.338-338
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• 2017

One of the problems in increasing rice production is getting lines or varieties that have high adaptability so that able to produce maximum production in a variety of environmental conditions. One strategy that can be done to get adaptive varieties is through the improvement of native varieties. This research was conducted in rain fed paddy field, Aceh province, Indonesia from June to September 2014. The texture of the soil was clay-loam with the soil pH ranged from 6.5-6.7. Five potential progenies of rice from crossing between native Indonesian rice with introduced rice varieties consist of C3, C4, S3, S5, S6 were used in this study. Besides that, one national rice variety Ciherang also used as a comparison. The plants were growth in the plot with the size of $2m{\times}1.4m$ with plant distance was $20cm{\times}20cm$. The fertilizers used in this study were Urea, NPK, and KCl. Randomized block design with 6 rice progenies/variety and 3 replications were used in this study. There were 18 experimental units and each experimental unit had 10 samples for the sources of data. The variables that were observed in this study including plant height at harvesting time, number of productive tiller, the percentage of empty grains and filled grain per panicle, weight of filled grains per hill, weight of filled grain per plot and yield potential per hectare. Analyzed were also conducted for the depth of root penetration, dry-root weight, dry-shoot weight, shoot-root weight ratio and its correlation with the weight of filled grain per hill. The research results show that there was significant difference on plant height at harvesting time, number of productive tillers, the percentage of empty grains and filled grain per panicle, weight of filled grains per hill, weight of filled grain per plot and yield potential per ha (p>0.01) among the treatments. In addition, depth root penetration, dry-root weight, dry-shoot weight, shoot-root weight ratio also had significant difference (p>0.01) among the treatment. The highest plant at harvesting time was found in S6, reaching 129.8 cm and the shortest plants was found in C3 reaching 107.5 cm. The largest number of productive tillers and the highest percentage of filled grains per panicle were found in Ciherang reaching 10.5 tillers and 80.7% respectively. Ciherang also had the heaviest weight of filled grains per hill and per plot reaching 21.1 g and 2.18 kg respectively. Whereas, S6 had the lowest number of tillers and the lowest percentage of filled grain per panicle.. The highest yield potential per ha was found in Ciherang reaching 7.79 tons. Among the progenies, S5 had the highest yield potential reaching 5 tons/Ha. The result also showed significant relationship between shoot-root weight ratio with weight of filled grains per hill. The highest value of shoot-root weight ratio (1.57) in Ciherang is thought had closed relationship with its yield potential.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 1989

Little information is available on the effects of low pH on nodulation and growth of subterranean clover cultivars. Plants of 11 cultivars were inoculated with an acid-tolerant strain of Rhizobium trifolii and grown for 28 days in continuously flowing nitrogen-free nutrient solutions maintained at six constant pH values from 4.0 to 6.5. At pH 4.0, 4 cultivars failed to nodulate and the remainder formed only a few nodules; nodulation was delayed by 2 to 3 days in this treatment. All cultivars nodulated at pH 4.5 but, with the exception of cv. Dwalganup, nodule numbers were significantly less than at $pH{\geq}5.0$. Only in cvv. Clare and Woogenellup were nodule numbers significantly greater at pH 6.5 than at 5.0. Whole plant dry matter yields were strongly depressed at pH 4.0(21 to 33% of maximum). At pH 4.5, relative yields of all cultivars except Dwalganup were significantly depressed without significant reductions in nodule dry weights, suggesting that nodule function was inhibited by acidity. These results are consistent with the view that nodulation and growth of plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation are much more sensitive to low pH per se than is host plant growth in the presence of adequate mineral nitrogen.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1993

Allelopathic inhibition by substance(s) originated from sicklepod(Cassia tora L.) seed on germination of other plant seeds, was confirmed and used to elucidate general mechanism of allelopathy which was occurred widly in natural and/or agricultural ecosystems. The mechanism was deduced from changes in water contents, ${\alpha}$-amylase activities, protease activities, concentrations of abscisic acid and total phenolic compounds during germination of rice and radish seeds treated with water-soluble extracts of sicklepod seeds. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The % germinations of radish, rice, lettuce, barley seeds were decreased by substances originated from crushed sicklepod seeds. 2. By the treatment of water-soluble extracts of sicklepod seeds, the inhibition of germination of radish seeds was occured with the sequential phenomena of increase of protease activity(synthesis), decrease of water content and increase of total phenolic compounds content. 3. In rice, the inhibition of seed germination by the water-slouble extracts of sicklepod seeds was related to increase of abscisic acid concentration and then decrease of ${\alpha}$-amylase activity(synthesis).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1992

1. Application of N.P.K compound fertilizer increased N.P.K contents in soils and application of peat and Miwon organic fertilizer showed the trend of increasing N contents in soils also. 2. N, Ca and Mg contents in radish leaves(top) were higher than in radish(bottom) but P content was revered. And application of N.P.K compound fertilizer always incresased N content in radish plants regardless of any other fertilzer addition. 3. Application of N.P.K compound fertilizer increased N.P.K contents in cabbage plants more compare to no application of N.P.K compound fertilizer regardless of other fertilizer application. 4. Plant growth status and yield (fresh weight) of radish and cabbage revealed that every fertilizer application increased plant growth and yield compared to no fertilizer application, but N.P.K compound fertilizer showed higher increment compared to organic matter fertilizer application except Miwon(2 level)treatment. However, organic fertilizer application together with N.P.K compound fertilizer level recommended showed the highest in radish and cabbage yield. 5. Effects of four organic fertilizer on yields(fresh weight) of radish and cabbage were in the order of Miwon organic fertilizer ${\geq}$ Biovin organic fertilizer > Compost ${\leq}$ Peat.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 1992

A study was carried out to know the effects of two kinds of paper mill sludge manure compost(SMC) on the growth and chemical components of kidney bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) : Control(SMC-0) contained chemical fertilizer only, sludge manure compost-1(SMC-1) contained 18% of swine manure and 8% of sawdust of the total weight of the manure in addition to the chemical fertilizer, and sludge manure compost-2(SMC-2) contained swine manure without sawdust a third of the total by weight on a fresh weight basis, 1) Kidney bean treated with SMC-1 and SMC-2 showed the increasing tendency of values meristem height, stem diameter, pod number per plot and total grain yield when compared to control(SMC-0) treatment 2) Though there was not a significant difference between SMC-1 and SMC-2 treatments on the growth, SMC-1 tended to increase the value of meristem height, stem diameter, pod number per plot and total grain yield of kidney bean, 3) The contents of aluminium, iron and zinc in kidney bean were higher than other elements, though there was no significant difference between the treatments, And those of chromium, lead and cadmium were negligible. 4) From the results obtained, it can be said that SMC application has more favorable effects on the growth of the plant than control(SMC-0). The effects of SMC-1 application on the growth of kidney bean was more favorable than those of SMC-2.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2015

Phenyllactic acid (PLA) which is known as antimicrobial compound can be synthesized through the reduction of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB producing PLA was isolated from Korea Kimchi and identified to Lactobacillus plantarum SJ21 by 16 rRNA gene sequence analysis. Cell-free supernatant (CFS) from L. plantarum SJ21 was assessed for both the capability to produce the antimicrobial compound PLA and the antifungal activity against four fungal pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus oryzae, Botrytis cinerea, and Collectotricum aculatum). PLA concentration was investigated to be 3.23mM in CFS when L. plantarum SJ21 was grown in MRS broth containing 5mM PPA for 16 h. PLA production also could be promoted by the supplement of PPA and phenylalanine in MRS broth, but inhibited by the supplement of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and tyrosine as precursors. Antifungal activity demonstrated that all fungal pathogens were sensitive to 5% CFS (v/v) of L. plantarum SJ21 with average growth inhibitions ranging from 27.32% to 69.05% (p<0.005), in which R. solani was the most sensitive to 69.05% and followed by B. cinerea, C. aculatum, and A. oryzae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for commercial PLA was also investigated to show the same trend in the range from $0.35mg\;mL^{-1}$ (2.11 mM) to $0.7mg\;mL^{-1}$ (4.21 mM) at pH 4.0. The inhibition ability of CFS against the pathogens was not affected by heating or protease treatment. However, pH modification in CFS to 6.5 caused an extreme reduction in their antifungal activity. These results may indicate that antifungal activities in CFS were caused by acidic compounds like PLA or organic acids rather than proteins or peptides molecules.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.190-195
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• 2005

This research was conducted to investigate the changes in soil chemical properties of root media as influenced by incorporation rate of a polyacryl amide hydrogel, Stocksorb C. The pH at 5 weeks after treatment in four root media such as peatmoss + vermiculite (1:1, v/v; PV), peatmoss + composted rice hull (1:1; PR), peatmoss + composted saw dust (1:1; PD) and peatmoss + composted pine bark (1:1; PB) containing STSB were in the range from 7.04 to 7.30, which was too high. Elevated incorporation rate of STSB resulted in increase of EC in soil solution of four root media with linear and quadratic response. The concentrations of $NH_4^+-N,\;NO_3^--N,\;PO_4-P^{3-},\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+}and\;Mg^{2+}$ in four kinds of root media increased as incorporation rates of STSB were elevated. But the $NO_3^-$-N concentrations in PS media were lower than those in other there root media tested. The Fe concentrations in PV, PR and PS media increased as incorporation rates of STSB were elevated, but those in PB medium did not show significant different. The concentrations of $Fe^{2+},\;Mn^{2+},\;Zn^{2+}and\;Cu^{2+}$ in PS media were higher than those in other three root media.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.35-45
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• 1996

In order to investigate the possibility of treating nightsoil sludge, the growth trend experiments with vermicompsting was performed and the stability of worm castings was evaluated by the analysis of minerals according to growth periods. Survival rate(SR) of earthworms decreased as earthworms grow up to 7 weeks. The growth period of the earthworms could be classified into two phases on the basis of the ratios of cast to feed ingested(ID). The growth period of the earthworms up to 3 weeks, the high percentage of dry weight of feed ingested(ID) is mainly utiliz-ed to an increase in fresh weight of earthworms, and after the 3 weeks, it is utilized to cast production in this experiment, respectively. The highest values of increasing rate(IR) and biomass of the earthworms(BE) were obtained at 3 weeks and those were 10.59mg/day and 14.48g, respectively. Between the increasing rate(IR) and biomass of the earthworms(BE), a highly positive correlation coefficient(p<0.001) ap-peared. The highest values of biomass of the earthworms(BE) and cast production(CW) were obtained at 3 and 7 weeks, respectively. All the concentrations of minerals except calcium(Ca) in worm castings was lower than the values in nightsoil sludge. It was considered that the major portion of minerals in nightsoil sludge may have been retained in the bodies of earthworms. And these values were lower than the regulated levels in organic fertilizers that the regula-tion standards. In conclusion, the worm castings are very stable for the use as soil conditioner or organic fertilizers.