• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.146-155
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• 2016

The field feasibility tests for a phytoextraction process were performed to identify the effect of citric acid as a chelate on the uranium (U) transfer into the plant for the naturally U contaminated soil in Duckpyeongri, Korea. For the feasibility tests, lettuce and Chinese cabbage were cultivated for 49 days on four testing grounds ($1m{\times}1m{\times}0.5m$ in each) in 2016. The citric acid solution was added to two testing grounds (one for lettuce and the other for Chinese cabbage) increasing the U transfer in two crop plants and their results were compared to those without the citric acid solution. When without the citric acid solution, the U concentration of plant after the cultivation was low (< $45{\mu}g/kg$ for leaves and < $450{\mu}g/kg$ for roots). However, with the addition of 50 mM citric acid solution, the U concentration of lettuce leaves and roots increased by 24 times and 1.8 times, and the U concentration of Chinese cabbage leaves and roots increased by 86.7 times and 5.4 times. The absolute accumulated U amount (${\mu}g$) in lettuce and Chinese cabbage also increased by 8.7 times and 50 times, compared to those without citric acid solution. Less than 8% of the U amount of exchangeable/carbonate phases was removed by using the lettuce and Chinese cabbage when the citric acid solution was not applied. However 52% and 66% of the U amount in exchangeable/carbonate phases were removed by the lettuce and the Chinese cabbage when the citric acid solution was added. The effect of the citric acid on the U transfer capability into the plants was quantitatively investigated by the field feasibility test, suggesting that U existing as exchangeable/carbonate phase in soil can be successfully removed by the phytoextraction process using Chinese cabbage with citric acid.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2001

For the remediation of the contaminated soil with heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb, the reaction parameters were optimized. Tartaric acid (TA) and oxalic acid(OA) as a washing agent and recovery of metals, The optimum washing conditions of TA and OA were in the ratio of 1 : 20 between soil and acid solution during 2hr reaction under unbuffered pH solutions. At the optimized reaction conditions, the removal efficiencies were compared with that of 0.1 M HCl and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA). TA showed higher efficiency on the removal of Pb than that of EDTA, which established for the remediation of contaminated soil with Pb and Cd metals. The recovery of metal ions from washing solution was achieved by adding calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfide by forming the precipitation of metal hydroxide and metal slfied. Optimum amounts of sodium sulgide and calcium hydroxide were Cd = 25g/$\ell$, Cu = 5~10g/$\ell$ and Pb = 5~10g/$\ell$ for the washing solution of OA and 2~5g/$\ell$ for the washing solution of TA, respectively. The amounts of $Na_2S$ and $CA(OH)_2$ for the tartaric acid was less than that of oxalic acid.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2001

본 주상실험은 오염된 토양에서의 계면활성제 용액상태에 따른 복원 효과를 조사하기 위하여 실행되었다. 농도, pH, 온도, 그리고 용액의 유속을 달리하여 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에 사용된 오염물질은 톨루엔, 토양시료는 Iowa Fruitfield sandy soil, 그리고 계면활성제는 Sodium diphenyl oxide disulfonate (DOSL)이었다. 실험결과, 최적 조건은 다음과 같이 구해졌다. 계면활성제의 농도는 4 %(v/v), pH는 10, 온도는 $20^{\circ}C$, 그리고 유속은 4 mL/min이었다. 이 조건이 모두 만족하는 상태에서는 95 %의 톨루엔이 제거되었으며 이는 다른 조건에서보다 6~l9 %의 상승효과를 보인 것이다. 본 실험에서 보여준 계면활성제 조건은 톨루엔으로 오염된 대수층의 복원에 매우 유용한 자료가 될 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.184-191
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• 2004

Forest soils were collected from various sites adjacent to the heavy industrial complexes and soil solutions were extracted to characterize the chemical properties and to find factors affecting forest decline by acid deposition. Concentrations of $NO_3{^-}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $F^-$ and Al in the soil solutions collected from industrial complexes were 2-33 times higher than those from the non-industrial areas. pH and Al concentrations were significantly correlated with $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ concentrations. Forest soils from Onsan and Ulsan regions had very low Ca and Mg concentrations in the soil solutions. In these sites, the molar ratios of Ca/Al and Mg/Al were also lower than 2 and 1, respectively. Aluminum concentrations in the A and B horizons were 547 and $683mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively, which were considered to be high enough to inhibit tree growth. Magnesium deficiency in A horizon and high concentrations of Al and Mn in B horizon were considered as the major limiting factors for tree growth by inhibiting the uptake of Ca and Mg and causing the imbalance of nutrients in both soil solution and trees.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2000

The effects of protease and/or lipase on the removal of protein soil and oily soil were investigated in this study. Cotton, rayon, nylon, and PET fabrics were soiled by padding of fresh bovine blood and spotting of mixed artificial sebum evenly. The soiled fabrics were aged at $130^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. The fabrics were washed by using Terg-O-Tometer at various conditions. Protease and/or lipase were added in the alcohol ethoxylate (AE) detergent solution. The removal efficiency was evaluated by analysis of protein and/or oil on the fabrics before and after washing, respectively. The detergency of protein and/or oil on the fabrics was discussed with enzyme concentration, washing time, washing temperature, pH of washing solution and fiber characteristics. The hydrolysis of protease improved effectively the removal of oil as well as protein by increasing removal of protein-oil mixed soil at the same time. The effect of lipase added detergent solution was slightly shown on the removal of oil and/or protein. The removal of mixed soils from cotton fabrics was very low because of large amount of residual soils caused by the physical characteristics of cotton fiber.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 1995

Ficks의 확산 편미방을 Laplace 변환을 적용하여 초기 및 경계조건과 함께 종속 대수 함수로 변환하고 Burington의 역변환표를 활용하여 복귀하는 방법으로 Ficks의 확산 편미방의 해를 구하였다. 적용된 초기 및 정계조건은 일정깊이의 담수에로 무한 깊이의 일정 염농도의 균일한 간척지 토양에서 상향 염분확산 이동에 대한 것이었다. 유도된 해는 특이 조건에서의 비교법으로 오.등 및 Kirkham, 등이 보고 한 간단한 초기 빛 경계조건에서의 해와 일치함을 확인했다. Ficks의 확산식의 해로 계산된 완만한 제염 속도를 근거로하여 담수 제염 방법별 제염 속도와 토양중 염분분포를 추정할수있는 모형식을 제시하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.427-435
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• 2009

본 연구는 원형 터널에서 지반-라이닝 상호작용에 대한수학적 모델에 관한 연구를 다룬다. 정적, 동적 하중으로 인하여 터널 라이닝에서 발생하는 축력과 모멘트를 구하는 간단한 수학적 해가 제시되었다. 수학적 해를 유도하기 위하여 지반-라이닝의 경계면에서의 힘-변위 관계식을 고려하였고, 경계면에서의 상호작용을 고려하고자 새로운 계수비들을 제시하였다. 축력과 모멘트에 대한 계수비의 영향이 조사되었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1982

The removal and redeposition of particulate soil occur simultaneously during the washing process. In order to investigate variables which affect on the redeposition of particulate soil, cotton lawn was soiled in the ion oxide black suspension using Launder-O meter. The amount of deposited soil was estimated by means of the spectrometric analysis of iron on the fabric after soiled. The results are as follows: 1. The presence of surfactants b suspension decreased the deposition of particulate soil and the most effective surfactant was soap and the descending order was NaDBS>CTAB>PONPE. 2. The influnce of temperature on soil deposition was considerable, soil deposition was gradually increased with elevating temperature in ionic surfactants solution such as NaDBS and CTAB but that was decreased above $40^{\circ}C$ in nonionic surfactant solution. 3. The tendency of soil deposition was dwindled by adding electrolytes especially in case of polyvalent anions. 4. From the results of the experiments redeposition of particulate soil was related with suspending power of surfactants and was influenced by factors varing zeta potential.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2011

The mobility of groundwater in the soil environment has an important role in the soil environment and absorption of plant. Therefore, studies on the mobility of groundwater considering the physical and chemical properties of soil is very important. In this study, movement of water due to change in soil particle size were observed by capillary rise. The height of the capillaries was measured according to capillary diameter, temperature and solution concentration. The inner diameter of each capillary itself is 0.012, 0.016, 0.024, 0.027 cm, and experiments were performed at $22^{\circ}C$. As a result, the height of the capillaries decreased with increasing capillary diameter, and the solution temperature but increased with increasing concentration. Changes in the height of the capillaries are interpreted to related with surface tension by the Young-Laplace equation. Also on the mobility of groundwater, the increase of water and soil temperatures can be significant factors caused by ion strength and global warming as well as pores in the soil particles. The results of this study is considered to provide the basic data on the behavior of groundwater in the soil environment.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 1995

중금속에 의한 토양오염을 화학적으로 평가하기 위한 일환으로 토양을 중금속으로 오염시킨 후 토양용액을 추출하여 pH, 이온강도, 이온농도, 화합물형태 변화를 분석했다. 토양이 Cu와 Cd에 의해 오염될수록 토양용액의 이온강도는 증가했다. 이런 변화는 Cd보다 Cu에 의해 더 컸다. 토양용액 중의 Cu와 Cd의 농도는 가한 양(量)에 비해 소량으로 존재했으나 처리량에 비례하여 금속의 농도는 증가했다. 토양용액 중의 Cd의 농도는 Cu보다 훨씬 높았다. 토양용액 중의 Ca, Mg, K의 농도는 중금속에 의해 증가되었으나 주로 free ion상태로 존재했으며 화합물형태는 Cu나 Cd의 처리에 의해 변화되지 않았다. 토양용액 중 중금속이온의 화합물의 변화 경향은 Cu와 Cd이 달랐다. Cu의 경우 토성과 pH에 의해 영향을 받았는데 pH가 낮은 SiCL 및 SL 토양에서는 free $Cu^{2+}$가 95 molar % 이상으로 주된 화합물형태이었고 pH가 높은 LS토양의 경우 free $Cu^{2+}$과 Cu-hydroxide이 주된 화합물형태로 Cu처리량에 따라 이들 화학종의 molar %는 변화되었다. Cd의 경우 free $Cd^{2+}$과 Cd-chloride 화합물이 주된 화합물형태이었고 Cd처리량이 증가함에 따라 $Cd^{2+}$는 감소한 반면 Cd-chloride 화합물 형성은 증가했다. 중금속에 의한 토양용액의 pH감소, 중금속의 흡착에 따른 양이온의 일시적인 증가, 중금속의 화합물 변화들은 식물영양적 측면에서 볼 때 식물에 불리한 변화로 간주되며, 중금속의 생물유효성과 독성을 평가하는 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.