• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 2002

The study was conducted to estimate stimulation of plant growth of blue and red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as affected by covering methods with vinyl materials containing concentrated PO film. Plants were grown in direct, direct and tunnel, and tunnel covering with 'Pasraido materials' from October 13 to 31. With the covering mean air temperature, soil temperature, leaf temperature and relative humidity remarkedly increased. Higher temperature was observed in the order of direct and tunnel, direct, tunnel covering and the control. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF, $\mu$mol m$^{-2}$ . s$^{-1}$ ) was observed in reverse order of temperature. Concentration of $CO_2$ was higher during night than during day under the light. Accumulation of highest $CO_2$ at night was obtained from direct coverings followed by direct and tunnel, tunnel covering and the control. Plant height, leaf number and leaf area of blue and red lettuces were stimulated by direct covering. However, there was no significant difference.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.72-75
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 야외규모 TCE (trichloroethylene) 질량전이역학을 평가하기 위해 TCE의 대수층 내 유입 및 용해상 거동을 고해상도 수치 모사를 실시하였다. 공간적으로 불균질한 대수층 $10{\times}10{\times}10m$ 도메인 내부의 유입된 TCE 분포를 모사하기 위해 본 연구를 통해 개발된 정성적 침투모델(percolation model)이 이용되었다. 이를 기초로 하여 연계되어진 (coupled) 지하수 유동 및 용해상 거동 장기 (long-term) 모사를 실시하였다. 지엽적으로 일어나는 질량전이는 기존 연구를 통하여 발표되어진 실험실규모 연구에 기초하였다. 지하수가 도메인을 지나 흘러나가는 경계면에서 측정되어진 용해상 (aqueous phase) TCE의 질량선속 (mass flux)을 통해 실질 야외규모 질량전이 상수가 계산되었다. 관찰된 바 야외규모 질량전이 상수는 실험실 연구를 통해 측정된 값에 비하여 휠씬 작은 값을 보였으며 이는 지하수 유속 및 TCE의 불균질한 분포에 기인한다. 야외규모 질량전이 상수는 평균 지하수 유속에 직접 비례하는 것으로 관찰되었고 이는 기존 실험실 연구를 통해 알려진 평균 지하수 유속의 0.7승이라는 결과와 대조되는 것이다. 또한 모사를 통해 관찰된 야외규모 질량전이 상수는 상대 TCE 질량의 고갈상수 승에 비례함을 보였다. 이러한 고갈상수는 TCE가 측방으로 퍼지는 현상이 강한 대수층, 즉 저투수성 층의 발달이 양호한 대수층, 에서는 1보다 작은 값을 갖고 그렇지 않은 대수층, 즉 저투수성 층의 발달이 미약한 대수층, 에서는 대체적으로 1보다 높은 값을 갖는 것으로 관측되었다. 이는 DNAPL의 측방 퍼짐이 강한 대수층에서는 용해로 인한 시간에 따른 오염원 부근에서의 농도 감소가 미약하기 때문인 것이며, 그와 반대로 DNAPL의 측방 퍼짐이 약한 대수층에서는 시간이 지남에 따라 용해에 의해 지속적으로 오염원 부근에서의 농도가 감소 또는 소멸함으로 인하여 측정되는 용해상 DNAPL의 질량 선속 역시 계속적으로 감소되는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 1988

Heat energy distribution forming net radiation above corn canopy was determined by means of the Bowen ratio-energy balance method. Total-global solar radiation above crop canopy during the growing season was $1,559MJm^{-2}$ and total latent heat flux density was $960MJm^{-2}$. The data showed that 61.6% of the global solar radiation was used for a heat source of evapotranspiration (ETa) above corn canopy. Mean daily ETa ranged from 2.7 to 5.6mm. Total ETa, total drymatter, and water use efficiency were 394mm, $2,214gm^{-2}$, and $5.6gm^{-2}mm^{-1}$, respectivively.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.339-348
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• 2014

Agro-ecosystem plays an important role in the mitigation of atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration through photosynthesis and soil carbon fixation. The perennial crops have capacity of carbon accumulation because they have lived for years in the same position. Carbon dioxide fixation occurs in the fruit orchard by photosynthesis and soil carbon sequestration. The objectives of this review are to introduce the fruit orchard as a carbon dioxide sink and to summarize the methods that measure $CO_2$ flux in the orchard. There are three difference methods (chamber, biomass, and eddy covariance method) to measure $CO_2$ exchanges on sites. However, there is no standard method suitable for fruit cultivation condition in Korea. Thus the standard method have to be developed in order to exactly estimate the carbon accumulation. In foreign studies, the carbon assessments were conducted in apple, peach, olive, grape orchard and so on. On the other hand the estimation of $CO_2$ exchange was carried out for apple and mandarine orchard in Korea. According to these results, fruit orchard is a $CO_2$ sink even though amount of carbon accumulation is smaller than the forest. To introduce certainly fruit orchard as greenhouse gas sink, long-term monitoring and further study have to be conducted under each planting condition.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.875-889
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• 2021

This study compares and analyzes the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Terra MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) as coniferous, deciduous and mixed forest with Yongdam Dam upstream (904.4 km²). The hydrologic evaluation period was set to 10 years from 2010 to 2019, and the applicability of the 8-day MOD15A2 Leaf Area Index (LAI) data, 3 TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) (GB, JC, CC), and 1 Flux Tower (DU) evaporation volume (YDD) data was simulated. As a result, the R² of coniferous forest, deciduous forest and mixed forest are 0.95, 0.89, 0.90, soil moisture and evaportranspiration stations R² were analyzed at 0.50 to 0.55 and 0.51, respectively, with R² at 0.74, RMSE 2.75 mm/day, NSE 0.70 and PBIAS 14.3% for Yongdam inflow. Based on the calibrated and validated watersheds, the annual average evaportranspiration was calculated as coniferous 469.7 mm, deciduous 501. mm and 511.5 mm mixed forest, total runoff were estimated at coniferous 909.8 mm, deciduous 860.6 mm and 864.2 mm mixed forest. In the case of annual average evaportranspiration, it was evaluated that deciduous were high, but in the case of streamflow, it was evaluated that coniferous were high. Unlike other hydrologic with similar patterns throughout the year, the average annual evapotranspiration was about 7% higher than coniferous due to the higher evapotranspiration of deciduous with high leaf area index in summer and fall. In addition, deciduous were 9% and 6% higher for surface runoff and lateral flow, but the groundwater of coniferous was 77% higher. Therefore, it was confirmed that the total runoff was in order of coniferous, mixed forest, and deciduous.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2000

Adsorption onto the surfaces of solid particles is a well known phenomenon that causes the retardation effect of heavy metals in soils. For adequate remediation of soil and groundwater contamination, it is important to investigate the mobility of heavy metals that largely depends on pH conditions in the soil water since adsorption of heavy metals is pH-dependent. In this study, we investigated the transport of Zn ion under various pH conditions in a sandy soil by conducting batch and column tests. The batch test was performed using the standard procedure of equilibrating fine fractions collected from the soil with eleven different initial $ZnCl_2$ concentrations, and analysis of Zn ion in the equilibrated solutions using ICP-AES. The column test consisted of monitoring the concentrations of soil solutions exiting the soil column with time known as a breakthrough curve (BTC). We injected respectively $ZnCl_2$ and KCl solutions with the concentration of 10 g/L as a tracer in a square pulse type under three different pH conditions (7.7, 5.8, 4.1) and monitored the flux concentration at the exit boundary using an EC meter and ICP-AES. The resident concentration was also monitored at the 10cm-depth by Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). The results of batch test showed that ion exchange process between Zn and other cations (Ca, Mg) was predominant. The retardation coefficients obtained from adsorption isotherms (Linear, Freundlich, Langmuir) resulted in the various values ranging from 1.2 to 614.1. No retardation effect but ion exchange was found for the BTCs under all pH conditions. This can be explained by the absence of other cations to desorb Zn ion from soil exchange sites under the conditions of ETC experiment imposing blank water as leachate in steady-state flow. As pH decreased, the peak concentration of Zn increased due to the competition of Zn with hydrogen ions ($H^+$) and the concentrations of other cations decreased. The peak concentration of Zn was increased by 12.7 times as pH decreased from 7.7 to 4.1.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.10
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• pp.835-848
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• 2021

In Jeju Island which has peculiarity for its geological features and hydrology system, hydrological factor analysis for the effective water management is necessary. Because in-situ hydro-meteorological data is affected by surrounding environment, the in-situ dataset could not be the spatially representative for the study area. For this reason, remote sensing data may be used to overcome the limit of the in-situ data. In this study, applicability assessment of MOD16 evapotranspiration data, Globas Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) based evapotranspiration/soil moisture data, and Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) soil moisture product which were evaluated their applicability on other study areas was conducted. In the case of evapotranspiration, comparison with total precipitation and flux-tower based evapotranspiration were conducted. And for soil moisture, 6 in-situ data and ASCAT soil moisture product were compared on each site. As a result, 57% of annual precipitation was calculated as evapotranspiration, and the correlation coefficient between MOD16 evapotranspiration and GLDAS evapotranspiration was 0.759, which was a robust value. The correlation coefficient was 0.434, indicating a relatively low fit. In the case of soil moisture, in the case of the GLDAS data, the RMSE value was less than 0.05 at all sites compared to the in-situ data, and a statistically significant result was obtained as a result of the significance test of the correlation coefficient. However, for satellite data, RMSE over than 0.05 were found at Wolgak and there was no correlation at Sehwa and Handong points. It is judged that the above results are due to insufficient quality control and spatial representation of the evapotranspiration and soil moisture sensors installed in Jeju Island. It is estimated as the error that appears when adjacent to the coast. Through this study, the necessity of improving the existing ground observation data of hydrometeorological factors is emphasized.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.115-118
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• 2005

Leakage of waterworks pipe line net cause loss of water resources, additional foundation of pressurization facilities from pressure loss and soil weakening near leaked pipe line, etc. This is difficult to maintain and manage waterworks pipe line net and to cause serious economic loss. Rate of accounted water is better by monitoring always water pressure and flux, etc. from isolated region, positively dealing with leakage accident and preventing leakage from occurring. Actually after isolating region, average rate of accounted water in this region is 88.94% by continuously monitering control of water pressure and inflow rate. It is about 9.44% more than that of Busan metropolitan city in 2003, 79.5%.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.310-316
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• 2006

Leakage of waterworks pipe line net cause loss of water resources, additional foundation of pressurization facilities from pressure loss and soil weakening near leaked pipe line, etc.. This makes it difficult to maintain and manage waterworks pipe line net and so cause serious economic loss. The rate of accounted water can be improved by monitoring always water pressure and flux, and so on. from isolated region, preparing positively against leakage accident and preventing leakage from occurring. Actually after isolating region, average rate of accounted water in this region went up 88.94% by continuously monitoring control of water pressure and inflow rate. It is about 9.44% higher than that of Busan metropolitan city in 2003, 79.5%.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.278-278
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• 2021

가뭄이 장기간 지속되어 농업적 가뭄 상태가 되면 토양의 수분이 마르기 시작하면서, 식생의 생장활동이 방해되고, 이는 식생의 광합성 활동까지 영향을 미친다. 광합성을 통해 대기 중의 이산화탄소가 흡수되고 산소 발생이 증가하는데, 광합성이 활발하지 못하면 상대적으로 대기 중의 이산화탄소 농도가 증가한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 토양수분, 식생활동과 대기 중 이산화탄소의 농도의 관계를 다중분광센서인 MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 산출물을 이용하여 분석하였다. 기존 토양수분의 경우, 마이크로파 센서를 통해 산출된 값을 활용했지만, 이는 상대적으로 공간 해상도가 조악하다는 단점을 갖고 있어서 면적이 작은 연구지역을 분석할 때에는 한계점을 갖고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 상대적으로 고해상도인 광학센서를 이용한 토양수분 산정 방법을 적용하였다. 또한, MODIS 총 일차생산량 (Gross Primary Productivity, GPP) 산출물을 이용하여 식생 호흡량과의 관계식을 통해 이산화탄소 플럭스를 계산하였다. 원격탐사 기반의 토양수분, 식생지수, 이산화탄소 플럭스를 한국에서 발생한 가뭄 기간 중, 2014년과 2015년도에 대하여 지점 관측자료인 플럭스 타워에서 제공되는 값과 비교 분석하였다. 분석한 결과 토양수분, 식생 지수, 탄소플럭스는 순차적으로 지연시간을 두고 상관성이 발생함을 확인하였다. 토양수분과 식생 지수 사이에는 1개월, 식생지수와 탄소플럭스는 0.5개월의 지연시간 후에 가장 높은 상관성을 보였다.