• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 1984

Effects of seed coating on establishment, early growth and herbage production were investigated in Pot, Soil box and Field experiments. Seed was coated with 60% Lime, 20% Phosphate and 20% Peatmoss(W/W), also finely sprayed 13% Arabic gum and 2% Methyl cellulose(W/V). Coating were generally 1:20, seed: coat(W/W). 1. In the general growth of the growing stages and different oversown species at 80 days, seed coated was promoted than none in early growth. (Table 2 and 3) 2. Stand counts at 60 days after oversown, seed coated was higher 15% than none, especially, there was advantage due to coating on the medium and large size seeds such as Orchardgrass, Perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, but did not assist establishment of the large (Tall fescue) and small (Ladino clover) size seed. 3. Variation of sward composition was not quite different between two treatments, but seed coated was slightly increased the Percentage of sown grasses with advance of cutting time. 4. Total dry metter yield per unit area with seed coated was higher 17% than none in establishment year. 5. Variations in the chemical composition of the herbage and soil were influenced by coating materials in the coating regime (Table 8). 6. From these facts, seed coated also appeared that adequate seedling stands, early growth and herbage production could be obtained with higher than conventional overseeding method under a poor conditions.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.156-166
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• 2000

This study was carried out to provide the information on seasonal variations of water content under highway asphalt pavements which influence on the dynamic behaviour and durability of pavements, and to assess the correlation between water content and soil or meteorological factors. Total eight sites for water content measurement which included fives sites in Kyungbu, two sites in Honam, and one site in Youngdong Highway were selected considering the variations in geology, topology and meteorology factors over all the country. Water contents under asphalt pavements were measured up to 170 cm depth every two week for total 13 months of August 1992 through September 1993 using neutron moisture meter(CPN-503DR). The range of water content ($\theta$$_{w}$) at the upper soils of above 50 cm depth was 7~12% and was not quite different regardless of sites, except for Iseo site. However, soil water contents below 60 or 70 cm depth were significantly different between the measurement sites, that is, the lowest water content was 5% at Kyungsan site and the highest water content was 20% at Iseo site. For all the sites, seasonal variations in water content during the experimental period were little, their range was within only 1 to 4%. Seasonal variations of water content in original or cutting area, which were 4% more or less, were slightly larger than in bedding areas, which were below 2%. Water contents under asphalt pavements had statistically significant positive correlations with silt and clay content in soil, but there were little correlations between water content and meteorological factors such as precipitation, relative humidity, mean air temperature, and wind velocity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.26-42
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine and understand the area and the original outer boundaries of Hamchunwon(含春苑), which was the outer royal garden of Gyeonghuigung Palace, which existed before the site of the Russian legation. The results of the study are as follows. First, examining the 3 types of drawings prepared for securing the Russian legation's site and constructing a new building, it was confirmed that two low peaks, which appear to be the original terrain of Hamchunwon, existed in the north and south directions inside the site. According to the initial plan of the of the legation's site, it appears that the entrance of the legation building is connected to the Saemunan-ro in the northwest. However, according to the report made at the time when the Russian temporary minister Veber purchased the legation's site, it was recorded that the site already had a narrow entrance and a dirt road in place, and hence, it was connected to Saemunan-ro. This fact makes it possible to learn that the line of movement for officials and the original gate were located to the northwest of the site planned as the entrance of the legation building towards Hamchunwon. Second, the site was created by cutting the top of the high hill at the time of the construction of the legation building, and as a result, a two tiered staircase typed terrace was built. The ground on which the main building and the secretary's building, etc., were erected was made by cutting the highest peak and solidifying it flat, and a large quantity of soil was used for grading. In the case of the northern area of the main building, the traces of leveling the terrain by cutting the mountains are apparent, and an observation typed garden with a walking path and pavilion was formed by utilizing the physical environment equipped with an easy view. This may be considered as a use which is consistent with the topographical conditions of creating an outer royal garden to block the civilian views on a high terrain overlooking the palace. Third, Hamchunwon's fences were partially exposed in the photos from the 1880s through the 1890s, which demonstrate the spatial changes made around the US, UK, and the Russian legations. As a result of the photo analysis performed, Hamchunwon occupies the northern area of the Russian legation's site, and it is estimated that the north, west, and east walls of the legation resembled those of Hamchunwon. The area to the south of the Russian legation was originally a place made available for civilian houses, and it was possible to examine the circumstances of purchasing dozens of civilian houses and farmlands according to various materials. Fourth, Hamchunwon, which was formed as the outer royal garden of Gyeongdeokgung Palace of Lord Gwanghaegun, lost its sense of place as an outer royal garden when the entire building of Gyeonghuigung Palace was torn down and used as a construction members during the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace, and faded away as the site was sold to Russia around 1885. The area where Hamchunwon used to be located transformed into a core space of the Russian legation where the main building and garden were located after the construction of the new building. Hence, Hamchunwon, which was limited to the northern area of the Russian legation, does not carry the temporal and spatial context with Gyeongungung Palace and Seonwonjeon which were constructed after 1897, and it is determined that the view of Seonwonjeon as Baehoorim or Baegyeongrim is not valid.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.140-157
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• 2012

The result of a study on the useful trend of plants related to landscape and how to plant and cultivate through 'ImwonGyeongjaeji Manhakji'of Seoyugu is as follows: First, 'ImwonGyeongjaiji Manhakji', composed of total 5 volumes (General, Fruit trees, vegetables and creeper, plants, others) is a representative literature related to landscape which described the names of plants and varieties, soil condition, how to plant and cultivate, graft, how to prevent the insect attack etc systematically. Second, he recorded the tree planting as Jongjae(種栽) or Jaesik(栽植), and the period to plant the trees as Jaesusihoo(栽樹時候), transplanting as Yijae(移栽), making the fence as Jakwonri(作園籬), the names of varietieis as Myeongpoom(名品), the suitable soil as Toeui(土宜), planting and cultivation as Jongye(種藝), treatment as Euichi(醫治), protection and breeding as Hoyang(護養), garden as Jeongwon(庭園) or Wonpo(園圃), garden manager as Poja(圃者) or Wonjeong(園丁). Third, the appearance frequency of plants was analyzed in the order of flowers, fruits, trees, and creepers and it showed that the gravity of deciduous trees was 3.7 times higher than that of evergreen trees. The preference of flower and trees, fruit trees and deciduous trees and broad-leaved trees includes (1) application of the species of naturally growing trees which are harmonized with the natural environment (2) Aesthetic value which enables to enjoy the beauty of season, (3) the trend of public welfare to take the flowers and fruits, (4) the use of symbolic elements based on the value reference of Neo-Confucianism etc. Fourth, he suggested the optimal planting period as January(上時) and emphasized to transplant by adding lots of fertile soil and cover up the seeds with soil as high as they are buried in accordance with the growing direction and protect them with a support. That is, considering the fact that he described the optimal planting period as January by lunar calendar, this suggests the hints in judging the planting period today. For planting the seeds, he recommended the depth with 1 chi(寸 : approx. 3.3cm), and for planting a cutting, he recommended to plant the finger-thick branch with depth 5 chi(approx. 16.5cm) between January and February. In case of graft of fruit trees, he described that if used the branch stretched to the south, you would get a lot of fruit and if cut the branches in January, the fruits would be appetizing and bigger. Fifth, the hedge(fence tree) is made by seeding the Jujube tree(Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis) in autumn densely and transplanting the jujube tree with 1 ja(尺 : approx. 30cm) interval in a row in next autumn and then binding them with the height of 7 ja(approx. 210cm) in the spring of next year. If planted by mixing a Elm tree(Ulmus davidiana var. japonica) and a Willow(Salix koreensis), the hedge whose branch and leaves are unique and beautiful like a grating can be made. For the hedge(fence tree), he recommended Trifoliolate orange(Poncitus trifoliata), Rose of sharon(Hibiscus syriacus), Willow(Salix koreensis), Spindle tree(Euonymus japonica), Cherry tree(Prunus tomentosa), Acanthopanax tree(Acanthopanax sessiliflorus), Japanese apricot tree(Prunus mume), Chinese wolf berry(Lycium chinense), Cornelian tree(Cornus officinalis), Gardenia(Gardenia jasminoides for. Grandiflora), Mulberry(Morus alba), Wild rosebush(Rosa multiflora) etc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.426-441
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• 2023

This study investigated the predictive accuracy of a model of landslide displacement in Jecheon-si, where a great number of landslides were triggered by heavy rain on both natural (non-clear-cut) and clear-cut slopes during August 2020. This was accomplished by applying three flow direction methods (single flow direction, SFD; multiple flow direction, MFD; infinite flow direction, IFD) and the degree of root cohesion to an infinite slope stability equation. The application assumed that the soil saturation and any changes in root cohesion occurred following the timber harvest (clear-cutting). In the study area, 830 landslide locations were identified via landslide inventory mapping from satellite images and 25 cm resolution aerial photographs. The results of the landslide modeling comparison showed the accuracy of the models that considered changes in the root cohesion following clear-cutting to be improved by 1.3% to 2.6% when compared with those not considered in the area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) analysis. Furthermore, the accuracy of the models that used the MFD algorithm improved by up to 1.3% when compared with the models that used the other algorithms in the AUROC analysis. These results suggest that the discriminatory application of the root cohesion, which considers changes in the vegetation condition, and the selection of the flow direction method may influence the accuracy of landslide predictive modeling. In the future, the results of this study should be verified by examining the root cohesion and its dynamic changes according to the tree species using the field hydrological monitoring technique.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2014

In order to develop an efficient in vitro micropropagation technique for a rare plant species, Astragalus membranaceus Bunge var. alpinus N., shoot proliferation and in vitro or in vivo rootings were conducted and hyperhydrated leaf generated from cultures was histologically observed. During shoot induction, no distinct effect on multiple shoot induction was found between BA and kinetin treatment. BA enhanced the number of internodes, whereas kinetin stimulated shoot elongation. Hyperhydrated leaf composed of bigger cells and retarded palisade parenchyma and showed irregular cell arrangement compared to normal leaf. Especially starch content in hyperhydrated leaf was significantly reduced. The best rooting rate was achieved by B5 medium among three different medium (B5, MS and WPM) and 0.1mg/L IBA treatment induced the highest rooting ratio (80%). No statistical difference was induced by explant types (apical bud or axillary bud) in terms of rooting ratio. In vivo cutting induced rooting rate up to 65% by 0.5% IBA/Talc powder treatment. Although in vivo rooting rate was less efficient compared to in vitro rooting, better survival rate was observed after soil acclimatization. Present study suggested that above micropropagation techniques can be used for rapid multiplication as well as in vitro or in vivo conservation of the species.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2014

In Korea, in general, separation distance between existing parallel tunnels was set at two to five times as distant as the diameter of the tunnels according to ground conditions. Recently, however, actual applicability of closely spaced parallel tunnels whose distance between tunnel centers was shorter than the diameter has increased due to environmental damages resulting from massive cutting, restriction in purchase of required land, and maintenance of linear continuity. In particular, when the pillar width of tunnel decreases, the safety of pillars affects behaviors of the tunnel and therefore the need for diverse relevant studies has emerged. However, research so far has been largely confined to analysis of behavior characteristics of pillars, or parameters affecting design, and actually applicable and quantitative data have not been presented. Accordingly, in order to present a stability evaluation method which may maximally reflect construction conditions of spots, this study reflected topographical and stratigraphic characteristics of the portal part with the highest closeness between the tunnels, simulated multi-layer conditions with rock mass and complete weathering, and assessed the degree of effect the stability of pillars had on the entire tunnels through numerical analysis according to changes in pillar width by ground strength. This study also presented composite analysis result on ground surface settlement rates, interference volume rates, and average strength to stress and a formula, which may be applicable to actual work, to evaluate safety rates of closely spaced parallel tunnel pillars and minimum pillar width by ground strength based on failure criteria by Hoek-Brown (1980).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2004

Sulfonylurea(SU)-resistant Monochoria korsakowii has resently been found in rice fields in Korea. A quick, practical and accurate test of confirming herbicide resistance is necessary to take timely management decision. This article describes a rapid reliable assay to detect SU-resistant biotype of Monochoria korsakowii. Up to now, the resistance to SU has been usually checked by application seedlings with herbicide. This application technique is time consuming and not practical. Therefore, we have developed efficient, rapid and practical diagnosis which allow easy detection of the SU-resistant Monochoria korsakowii by survival rate and regenerated plant length to herbicide application after cutting plants $0.5\sim1cm$ from the planted surface. This new rapid diagnosis can determine the SU resistance of the Monochoria korsakowii within 7 days at least. If the resistance of Monochoria korsakowii is identified by the rapid diagnosis, the selection of herbicide according to the stages of plants for the effective control is very important. The resistant biotype which treated with SU herbicide-based mixtures survived from the fields could effectively be controlled by soil application of butachlor+pyrazolate GR or by foliar application of the mixtures of bentazone SL and 2,4-D SL.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 1988

This study was conducted to establish practical micropropagation of jujube cultivars ('Geumsumg', 'Bokjo') by axillary bud culture. The results are summerized as follows : 1. Addition of activated charcoal to half-strength Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l benzylaminopurine(BAP) enhanced shoot and root growth. At 500mg/l activated charcoal level 'Geumsung' showed best result, and shoot length and the number of multiple shoot were 6.4cm and 10.0, respectively. At 1,000mg/l activated charcoal level 'Bokjo showed best result, and shoot length and the number of multiple shoot were 7.5cm and 12.4, respectively. 2. As indole-3-butyric acid(IBA) concentration increased, rooting and callus growth of microshoot were enhanced. The optimum IBA concentration for shoot elongation and multiplication was 1.0mg/l. 3. Growth responses of shoot-tip and axillary bud segments between two jujube cultivars were different. 'Geumsung' showed that axillary bud explants were about twice better than shoot-tip explants for shoot multiplication, but 'Bokjo' showed that shoot-tip explants mere better than axillary bud explants for shoot elongation and multiplication. 4. In acclimatization processes of plantlets produced in vitro, the survival of plantlets with only root primordia in soil medium was better than that of plantlets with several routs resulting in 97.8%. 5. In cutting of in vitro-derived microshoot, paclobutrazol was more effective than IBA, naphth-aleneacetic acid(NAA) and $Rooton^{(R)}$ in rooting and root growth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate working time, performance, and to predict performance that related to the factor of forest road in earth work using excavator. It was found that the real working time was 503 minutes in a day. The ratio of real working time and allowance per total working time was approximately 85.7% and 14.3% individually. The rate of soil movement(Sm) to net working time was 38.6%, and earth cutting(Ec) was 32.5%. According to performance analysis, performance of earth work using excavator($0.8m^3$) in straight part was 1.4 times larger than curve part and rock work using excavator($0.8m^3$) which had breaker in straight was 9.1 times larger than earth work using excavator($0.8m^3$) which had bucket. Performance of earth work using excavator($1.0m^3$) was 1.3 times larger than using excavator($0.8m^3$) in straight and curve part. Working performance in earth work using excavator($0.8m^3$) was influenced by the conditions of radius of curve, width of roadway, slope gradient. It is not influenced by diameter and number of root stock.