• 펄프종이기술
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2011

Mulching technique is used to control the temperature and moisture content of soil by covering the ground surface. Most kinds of mulching film are made of polyethylene which is non-biodegradable synthetic polymer. Utilizing these films has been one of the main sources in soil pollution. Thus residual films under the ground should be removed after a certain period of time. Therefore, an alternative mulching material made of biodegradable functional paper is considered instead of non-biodegradable films. The mulching sheet produced from paper basis has a functionality to be naturally degraded and then recycled to the bio-materials on soil. In this study, the paper based-mulching sheet coated with biodegradable polymer was specially produced using a laboratory bar coater. Coating colors prepared by dissolving PBS/PLA in chloroform were applied to kraft paper. The mechanical strength and aging properties of this mulching sheet were investigated. The burst strength of polymer-coated paper was decreased with the increase of the PBS ratio in PBS/PLA blends, and, in particular, 30/70 blending condition led to good stability in heat-aging atmosphere for 60 days.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.871-877
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to compare growth of Pllioblastus pygmaed and soil characteristics as affected by difference of soil thickness and mixture ratio in shallow-extensive green roof module system, and to identify the level of soil thickness and mixture as suitable growing condition to achieve the desired plants in green roof. Different soil thickness levels were achieved under 15cm and 25cm of shallow-extensive green roof module system that was made by woody materials for $500{\times}500{\times}300mm$. Soil mixture ratio were three types for perlit: peatmoss: leafmold=6:2:2(v/v/v, $P_6P_2L_2$), perlit: peatmoss: leafmold=5:3:2(v/v/v, $P_5P_3L_2$) and perlit: peatmoss: leafmold=4:4:2(v/v/v, $P_4P_4L_2$). On June 2006, Pllioblastus pygmaed were planted directly in a green roof module system in rows. All treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replication. The results are summarized below. In term of soil characteristics, Soil acidity and electric conductivity was measured in pH 6.0~6.6 and 0.12dS/m~0.19dS/m, respectively. Organic matter and exchangeable cations desorption fell in the order: $P_4P_4L_2$ > $P_5P_3L_2$ > $P_6P_2L_2$. $P_6P_2L_2$ had higher levels of the total solid phase and liquid phase, and $P_4P_4L_2$ had gas phase for three phases of soil in the 15cm and 25cm soil thickness. Although Pllioblastus pygmaed was possibled soil thickness 15cm, there was a trend towards increased soil thickness with increased leaf length, number of leaves and chlorophyll contents in 25cm. The growth response of Pllioblastus pygmaed had fine and sustain condition in order to $P_6P_2L_2$ = $P_5P_3L_2$ > $P_4P_4L_2$. However, The results of this study suggested that plants grown under $P_4P_4L_2$ appear a higher density ground covering than plants grown under $P_6P_2L_2$. Collectively, our data emphasize that soil thickness for growth of Pllioblastus pygmaed were greater than soil mixture ratio in shallow-extensive green roof module system.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2003

This study was performed to suggest growth status data of the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea. Field investigation of 70 large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea was carried out in Seoul, Inchon, Kyungki, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Chonbuk, Chonnam. The main field of this study is classified into the growth condition, soil state and management situation. The results of this study are below : The age distribution of the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea is as follows : above l00years in 5.9%, above 200years in 8.9%, above 300 years in 11.8%, above 400 years in 16.2%, above 500 years in 16.2% and above 600years in 41.1%. Location types of the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea are found in 11 types; the types are hill side(22.9%), historical monument area(15.7%), field(l4.3%) and building area(12.9%), etc. Also, growth type of the trees is individually placed. In the aspect of soil environment, the acidification of soils has been appearing in all surveyed areas, and the soil of Seoul area has much acidum phosphoricum because of excessive fertilizer. Finally, in management situation. major factors inhibiting growth of the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea are soil covering of protruded root above ground, soil hardening by human, embankments, small area that has been surrounded fence. Continuous monitoring and accumulation of status data are necessary to preserve the large old trees as the natural monuments of Korea.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2005

Soil is one of the most fundamental elements as well as with water and air in studies associated with the environment, in addition, it is one of the important environmental mediums that constructs a basis of the bio­logical system and performs various roles of matter circulation. This study was carried out in Seoul, in May 2000 to evaluate variation in the concentration levels and distribution characteristics for PAH compounds in soil. Soil samples were collected from 33 sites covering traffic, factory, incineration and mountain groups and the PAHs were analyzed. The results show a wide dis­tribution range of PAHs concentrations between 14.66 ng/g and 1,219.35 ng/g. The highest concentration levels exist at Sungsu-2 of the factory group (FS-2). Daemo-3 of the Mountain group (MD-3) presents the lowest levels as compared with the other sites. PAH compounds including mutagenic and carcinogenic materials show high concentrations in the traffic and factory groups and a high ratio in the mountain group. Besides, these compounds absorbed with micro particles might be spread out over a wide region associated with particles' movement and diffusion. After principal component analysis of the soil samples, the results indicated that the sources of PAHs in the soil were divided into two groups, pesticides and vehicles.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

A variety of revegetation methods are being utilized and developed. However, most of revegetation methods used on highway slopes in Korea are based on foreign-introduced plant varieties to stabilize road surfaces and to administer afforestation for surface covering at an earlier phase. Therefore. it results in various problems. such as failure to achieve harmony with the surrounding vegetation and 10 cause re-denudation of slopes as the foreign-in introduced plant varieties wane out from 2~3 years after hydro-seeding, etc. In addition, some of the revegetation plants seeded in the earlier phase grow excessively high, thus causes successional problems, such as to inhibit the invasion of the secondary vegetation from the surrounding areas, etc. Therefore, in this study, 160 slopes located in the nationwide express highways have been investigated and analyzed in order to produce basic data for restoration of ecological environment in slopes created on a long-term basis by investigating and analyzing locational characteristics of cut and filled slopes in express highways, status of revegetation methods, characteristics of soil and plant-ecological environment. 1. Investigation on cut and embanked slopes in express highways was carried out in the total of 160 locations, which include 108 cut slopes and 52 embanked slopes. As a whole, the most frequently used revegetation method was seed spray, which was found to be used in the total of 55 target slops investigated. 2. Planting method of Wistaria floribunda applied to some of the blasted rock zones was found to cause damages as Wistaria floribunda trailed up the surrounding vegetation and the secondary invaded trees. In order to prevent this, this method must be used only in the lowest parts of large-sized slopes. Also, it will be required to administer continuous management and maintenance in the areas already planted with this plants. 3. The areas of blasted rock and ripping rock slopes were applied with coir net (net + seeding) method. However, many of these areas failed in achieving ground covering. Most areas where revegetation was in progress, they were covered with Eragrostis curvula(Weeping lovegrass) only. In areas with soil, such as decomposition of granite, where afforestation is difficult. In this slopes, soil base must be improved by hrdroseeding with thin-layer vegetation base application methods in order to achieve success in afforestation with native plants. 4. Woody species, rather than herb species, are more helpful in stabilization of slope surfaces. Therefore, it is important to be able to grow and protect woody species on highway slopes. Growth of woody vegetation is most largely influenced by soil depth. Thus, when hydro-seeding woody plants, it is recommended to apply at the upper layer of the slopes, which is capable to sufficiently provide the fundamentals required in plant growth.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of soil depth and planting density on the growth of lettuce, crown daisy, and strawberry on a rooftop condition using artificial soil as a growth media. The vegetable crops showed better growth for plant height (cm), plant width (cm), plant fresh weight (g), and Fo, Fm and Fv/m on 20cm depth soil than 10cm depth soil except strawberry. Planting density of $16/m^2$ and $64/m^2$ did not show significant differences on the growth of the crops. Soil moisture content and EC were low for 10cm depth soil in lettuce plots, whereas there was no significant differences on soil moisture and EC between two soil depth in strawberry plots. Hunter's L, a, and b values showed the leaf color of lettuce dark green on 20cm depth soil and reddish on 10cm depth soil. Results showed that soil depth suitable for crop growth on rooftop conditions was 20cm rather than 10cm. Growth response of the crops showed no significant difference between $16/m^2$ and $64/m^2$, indicating that planting density of 64 $plants/m^2$ could be practiced on rooftop conditions. Lettuce growth rapidly changed in control treatment in which leaves were not pinched out, while slowly changed in plants which leaves were periodically pinched out. In the case of control plot, it was impossible to harvest because withering of lower leaves after blossom on June 22. The plant of crown daisy in which pinching was not conducted, blossomed on June 7, and the plants were removed since its aesthetical value was lost. Strawberry seemed to be a suitable vegetable crop for rooftop conditions based on its high covering rate and extended growth period until late October. The soil depth 20cm and planting density 64 $plants/m^2$ were suitable for vegetable crops on green roof system using artificial soil.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2008

서울에는 아직도 생활하수와 빗물이 함께 흘러가는 합류식 하수관거가 많다. 합류식 관거 지역의 모든 건물은 화장실 세정수로부터 고체상 물질을 분리해서 저장하는 정화조가 설치되어 있다. 정화조는 연 l회이상 청소를 해야 하며 수거된 분뇨는 처리시설을 필요로 한다. 선행연구에 따르면 서울에서는 분뇨량이 꾸준히 증가하여 2020년에는 1일 3,549kL의 시설이 부족하다고 한다. 이 부족한 부분을 어떤 시설로 확보할 것인가에 도움을 주고자 본 연구는 수행되었다. 현재와 같은 하수병합방식에 의해 1일 3,549톤의 분뇨를 처리할 때는 연간 64억원의 비용이 소요되고 공공하수처리시설 방류수 수준으로 처리하면 연간 700억원으로 비용이 급격히 증가한다. 전력량소비량에서는 각각 연간 260만kWh, 8,161만kWh로 비용보다 더 큰 차이가 예성된다. 결국 하수처리시설에서의 분뇨의 병합처리는 비용적 환경적 측면에서 크게 유리한 방법이었다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.154-154
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• 2019

Characterization of reliable field-scale root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) variability contribute to effective hydro-meterological monitoring. Although a promising cosmic-ray neutron probe (CRNP) holds the pontential for field-scale RZSM measurement, it is often restricted at deeper depths due to the non-unique sensitivity of CRNP-measured fast neutron signal to other hydrogen pools. In this study, a merging framework relied on coupling cosmic-ray soil moisture with a representative additional RZSM, was introduced to scale shallower CRNP effective depth to represent root-zone layer. We tested our proposed framework over a densely vegetated region in South Korea covering a network of one CRNP and nine in-situ point measurements. In particular, cosmic-ray soil moisture and ancillary RZSM retrieved from the most time stable location were considered as input datasets; whereas the remaining point locations were used to generate a reference RZSM product. The errors between these two input datasets and the reference were forecasted by a linear autoregressive model. A linear combination of forecasts was then employed to compute a suitable weight for merging two input products from the predicted errors. The performance of merging framework was evaluated against reference RZSM in comparison to the two original products and a commonly used exponential filter technique. The results of this study showed that merging framework outperformed other products, demonstrating its robustness in improving field-scale RZSM. Moreover, a strong relationship between the quality of input data and the performance merging framework in light of CRNP effective depth variation has been also underlined via the merging framework.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 1999

강원도 경사지 토양의 토양 유실량을 산정하기 위하여 사용되고 있는 토양 유실 예측 공식의 새로운 모델인 RUSLE를 이용하기 위하여, 강원도의 산지, 고령지 평지 및 동해안 지대에 대한 지역별 강수 인자와 토양 인자를 산출하였다. 강수 인자 R 값은 평균 405.1로 251~601의 범위를 보였다. 강수인자는 지역별로 차이가 있었다. 고령지인 대관령에서 R 값이 409이며, 중산간지대인 인제와 홍천에서 370~493, 그리고 평지인 원주와 춘천에서의 R 값은 수원과 비슷한 505~601이었다. 동해안 지대인 속초, 강릉 그리고 삼척 등지에서는 251~368이었다. 고령지나 산간지의 R값은 평지 보다 낮고, 영동 지역은 영서지역 보다 낮다. 겨울 기간 중 동결과 융설을 고려한 R 값은 영서 지역에서 7%이하를 보였으나, 영동지역과 대관령 지역에서는 12~30%로 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 토양 인자 K 값은 표층토가 평균 0.21이었으며, 0.06에서 0.42의 범위를 보이고 있다. K값이 가장 낮은 토양은 유기물 함량이 높은 오대통과 월정통이며, K 값이 가장 높은 토양은 이 목통으로 실트의 함량이 높고 유기물 함량이 적은 토양이다. 심토의 평균 K값은 0.28로, 0.07에서 0.45의 범위를 보인다. 이는 표층토 보다 1.3배 높은 값이며, 표층토가 유실되어 심층토가 노출되면 토양 유실은 많아질 수 있음을 시사하고 있다. 자갈의 피복 효과와 투수에 대한 영향을 고려하였을 때 K 값은 평균 0.18이었으며, 0.03에서 0.33의 범위를 보여 자갈의 영향을 고려하지 않은 경우 보다 15% 낮은 값을 갖는다. 심토가 동결된 상태에서의 K 값은 평균 0.33으로 동결되지 않은 토양의 1.6배로 평가된다. 조사된 평균 R 값과 K 값을 토양 유실예측 공식에 적용한 결과 강원도 경사지 밭토양에서 년간 14.6 MT 토양 유실을 줄일 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 토양 유실을 줄일 수 있는 토양 관리 방안은 여러 가지가 있겠으나, 우선 고려해야 할 것이 토양유실이 적게 일어나는 작부 체계를 강구해야 한다. 키가 큰 옥수수를 단작하는 경우 C값이 높으나, 키가 작고 지면 피복이 (정 등. 1985). 목초의 경우는 0.08이므로, 경사도가 높아 보전 작물로 바람직하다. 효과적인 토양의 관리법으로 지표에 식물의 잔재물 등에 의 한 피복 효과를 극대화하는 방법이다. 특히 작물을 수확하고 난 후, 겨울 기간 동안 나지 상태로 방치하는 것은 해동기의 토양 유실을 가속화하게 된다. 특히 강원도의 산간지에서는 해동기의 토양 유실이 심할 가능성이 있으므로 겨울 동안의 피복 작물 재배 방법이 강구 되어야 한다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 1989

Soil erosion was investigated to find out difference in amount of soil eroded from slope land at early stage of young grasses and at later stage with sufficient cover with different slopes. The six experimental plots were formed on 8$^{\circ}$, 10$^{\circ}$, 15$^{\circ}$, 20$^{\circ}$, and 25$^{\circ}$, with 2m width and 20m length located at the Hwak Kok Ri, Chun Sung Gun, Kang Weon Do. The amount of soil eroded and run-off were collected from 1. May 1987. to 30. October 1988, growing with grasses sowed 2. September 1987. The results were as follows : 1. The amount of soil eroded from the plots except 8$^{\circ}$ plot exceeded the allowable soil erosion with 14 ton/ha during the land formuing before establishment of sufficient surface cover with grasses. Therefore, proper soil conservation practice should be recommeneed. 2. The amount of soil eroded increased exponentially with increased slope as 1.24 times for 15$^{\circ}$1.65 times for 20*, and 2.94 times for 25$^{\circ}$, m comparing with standared 10$^{\circ}$ polt. 3. The erosion occurred mainly by high density of rainfall exceeding lOOmm as consecutive precipitation during the raining peried or accompanied by typhoon passing. 4. The significant soil erosion, when the land covering ratio was over 95% after seeding of grass, was recorded only by the single continuous storms over lOOmm of concentrated precpitation, of which amounts were 1/73~/250 of the allowable soil erosion. 5. The amount of soil erosion from the plots with sufficient surface cover with grasses increased as the slope increased however the amounts were small enough to be neglected. 6. Desolation by soil erosion would be minor problem up to the slope of 20$^{\circ}$ when the mountainous area developed to the grassland with sufficient cover. But it could be concerned on the turn to the hare land by the treading of livestocks with the land slope over 25$^{\circ}$. 7. The run-off of rainfall increased by the increament of slope but it was not exponentially increased. 8. The run-off of rainfall after seeding of grass reduced by 20% in comparison with the run-off of rainfall before seeding, which might be due to infiltration of rainfall promoted by the grass roots.