• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제47권2호
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2014

Arsenic and its compounds which is one of the most toxic elements that can be found naturally on earth in small concentrations are used in the production of pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides. Most arsenic that cannot be mobilized easily when it is immobile is also found in conjunction with sulfur in minerals such as arsenopyrite (AsFeS), realgar, orpiment and enargite. In this investigation we observed the leaching of arsenic in soils amended with several levels of gravel size of arsenopyrite collected from a road construction site. Soil and gravel size of arsenopyrite were characterized by chemical and mineralogical analyses. Results of XRF analysis of arsenopyrite indicated that the proportion of arsenate was 0.075% (wt $wt^{-1}$) while the maximum amount of arsenic in soil samples was 251.3 mg $kg^{-1}$. Cumulative amounts of effluent collected from the bottom of the soil column for different mixing rate of the gravel were gradually increased where proportion of the gravel mixed was greater than 70% whereas the effluent was stabilized to the maximum after approximately 45 pore volumes of effluent or greater were collected. The arsenic in the effluent was recovered from the soil columns in which the proportion of arsenopyrite gravel was 60% or greater. The total amount of arsenic recovered as effluent was increased with increasing proportion of gravel in a soil, indicating that the arsenic in the effluent was closely related with gravel fraction of arsenopyrite.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.54-62
• /
• 2018

This paper is aimed at source tracking of soil heavy metal contamination at a site established by reusing construction wastes. The soil heavy metal concentration at the study site peaked at a depth range of 5-10 m. Column studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of the contamination scenario of infiltration of stormwater carrying heavy metals of ground origin followed by selective heavy metal accumulation at the 5-10 m depth range. Almost all amount of lead, zinc, cadmium, and nickel introduced to the columns each packed with 0-5 m or 5-10 m field soil were accumulated in the column. The very poor heavy metal mobility in spite of the weak association of the heavy metals with the soil (characterized by a sequential extraction procedure) can be attributed to the high pH (10-11) of the construction wastes. From the results, the heavy metal contamination of the subsurface soil by an external heavy metal source was determined to be very unlikely at the study site. The column study applied in the current study is expected to be a useful methodology to present direct evidence of the contaminant source tracking at soil contamination sites.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.55-79
• /
• 2010

The effect of soil-structure interaction on a single-storey, two-bay space frame resting on a pile group embedded in the cohesive soil (clay) with flexible cap is examined in this paper. For this purpose, a more rational approach is resorted to using the finite element analysis with realistic assumptions. Initially, a 3-D FEA is carried out independently for the frame on the premise of fixed column bases in which members of the superstructure are discretized using the 20-node isoparametric continuum elements. Later, a model is worked out separately for the pile foundation, by using the beam elements, plate elements and spring elements to model the pile, pile cap and soil, respectively. The stiffness obtained for the foundation is used in the interaction analysis of the frame to quantify the effect of soil-structure interaction on the response of the superstructure. In the parametric study using the substructure approach (uncoupled analysis), the effects of pile spacing, pile configuration, and pile diameter of the pile group on the response of superstructure are evaluated. The responses of the superstructure considered include the displacement at top of the frame and moments in the columns. The effect of soil-structure interaction is found to be quite significant for the type of foundation considered in the study. Fair agreement is observed between the results obtained herein using the simplified models for the pile foundation and those existing in the literature based on a complete three dimensional analysis of the building frame - pile foundation - soil system.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제54권4호
• /
• pp.409-425
• /
• 2021

이산화탄소가 지구온난화를 초래하는 대표적인 온실가스로 지목되면서 대기 중의 이산화탄소 농도를 줄이기 위하여 많은 노력들이 진행되어 왔다. 그러한 노력들 중 특히 CO₂ 포집 및 지중 저장기술(carbon dioxide capture and storage, CCS)이 감축 목표량을 달성하기 위해서 필수적으로 고려되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 지중 저장기술이 상용화되기 위해서는 안전성이 보장되어야 한다. 특히 이산화탄소 누출이 농경지에서 발생할 경우에는 작물 생장과 관련되어 많은 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지중 저장지로부터 누출된 이산화탄소가 토양 비옥도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여 인위적인 이산화탄소 누출 시험을 수행하였으며, pH, 양이온치환용량, 교환성 양이온, 전기전도도, 토양 유기물 함량, 총 질소, 질산태 질소, 암모니아태 질소, 총 인, 유효태 인산, 총 황, 유효태 황, 유효태 붕소 등과 같은 토양의 화학적 특성들을 비옥도 지시 인자로 선정하였다. 누출 시험은 비경작지 토양 한 종류와 경작지 토양 두 종류(옥수수와 콩 재배)를 대상으로 이루어졌다. 비경작지 토양은 거친 모래가 많은 사질토양으로 공극률은 42.6%로 조사되었으며, 경작지 토양인 옥수수 재배 토양은 양질 사토(loamy sand)로 공극률이 46.8%이었다. 콩과식물(soybean) 재배 토양은 옥수수 재배 토양과 동일한 양질 사토로서 공극률이 48%로 조사되었다. 누출시험을 위해 6개의 인공누출 칼럼 장치를 이용하여 이산화탄소를 주입하였다. 이산화탄소 주입은 비경작지와 경작지 토양의 경우 각각 60일과 70일 동안 진행하였다. 이산화탄소 누출 후 비경작지 및 경작지 토양에 대하여 각각 12, 14일 간격으로 1 공극 부피의 인공강우 모사 시험을 수행한 후 용출액과 토양 시료를 채취하여 비옥도 지시 인자를 분석하였으며, 이산화탄소 누출 전후 변화 양상을 비교 평가하였다. 토양 내 잔류 교환성 양이온, 전기전도도, 토양 유기물 함량, 총질소, 총인 등은 이산화탄소의 영향을 크게 받지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 질산태 질소, 암모니아태 질소, 유효 인산, 유효 황, 유효 붕소 등은 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 이에 의해 토양 비옥도를 저하시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 토양의 완충능력 때문에 pH의 변화가 없었지만, 이산화탄소가 장기간 누출된다면 pH의 감소에 의한 토양 산성화가 초래될 가능성이 있을 것으로 예측된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
• /
• pp.168-171
• /
• 2003

This research was conducted to assess the performance of the mixed reactive materials with sand, iron filings, and HDTMA-bentonite for trichloroethylene (TCE) and chromate removal under controlled groundwater flow conditions. TCE and chromate removal rates with the mixtures of iron filing/HDTMA-bentonite were highest among four columns due to reduction by iron filings and sorption by HDTMA-bentonite. The greater capacity of the mixed iron filing/HDTMA-bentonite compared HDTMA-bentonite was due to an enhanced chromate reduction in addition to chromate sorption. The presence of chromate caused greater inhibition of TCE removal in the column with iron filings, while the presence of TCE caused less inhibition of TCE. Also, nitrate caused the decrease in TCE removal relative to chloride. Nitrate ions may also significantly affect TCE reduction rates by competing for electrons with the chlorinated compounds. The anion and co-existed contaminants competing effects should be considered when designed permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) composed of zero valent iron for field applications to remediate TCE and chromate.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.97-112
• /
• 2009

The interactions between a granular pile and raft placed on top are investigated using the continuum approach. The compatibility of vertical and radial displacements along the pile - soil interface and of the vertical displacements along the raft - top of ground interfaces are satisfied. Results show that consideration of radial displacement compatibility does not influence the settlement response of or sharing of the applied load between the granular pile and the raft. The percentage load carried by the granular pile (GP) increases with the increase of its stiffness and decreases with the increase of the relative size of raft. The normal stresses at the raft - soil interface decrease with the increase of stiffness of GP and/or relative length of GP. The influences of GP stiffness and relative length of GP are found to be more for relatively large size of raft. The percentage of load transferred to the base of GP increases with the increase of relative size of raft.

• Coupled systems mechanics
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.461-479
• /
• 2023

The paper deals with the finite element modelling of the free vibration and structural behavior of a particular four-floor reinforced concrete structure subjected to static equivalent seismic loads and supported by a shallow foundation system called SNSF (Spider Net System Footing). The two FE models are a simple 2D Matlab model and a detailed 3D model based on solid elastic elements using Altairworks (Hypermesh and Optistruct). Both models can simulate the soil structure interaction. We concentrate on the behavior of a representative cell involving two columns on five levels. The influence of the boundary conditions on the external vertical planes of the domain are duly studied. The Matlab model appears relevant for a primary estimation of frequencies and stiffness of the whole structure under vertical and lateral loads.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.63-71
• /
• 2002

본 연구에서는 점토차수재의 대체물질로서 매립지 현장토에 첨가재(시멘트, 벤토나이트 고화제)를 혼합하는 방법인 개량혼합토 공법을 대상으로 하여, 토목 환경적인 연구로서 차수/강도 효과 및 회분식/컬럼식 테스트를 통한 중금속의 고정능력에 관한 평가를 수행하였다. 지반공학적 연구(투수계수/압축실험)를 실시한 결과, CL 계열의 현장토(CL)에 첨가재(시멘트, 벤토나이트: 팽윤도로 구분하여 고품위 벤토나이트 B\circled1. 저품위 벤토나이트 B\circled2. 고화제)를 혼합함으로써 폐기물 매립지의 법적 기준(1x10-7cm/sec 이하)을 만족하였다. 또한 개량혼합토 제조시 시멘트 : 벤토나이트 : 고화제 = 90 : 60 : 1의 비율이 가장 적합하였으며, 팽윤도로 구별된 저품위 벤토나이트(B\circled2)의 사용가능성을 보여주었다. 첨가재의 종류에 따른 개량혼합토(column2, 3, 4)의 양이온교환능력(Cation Exchange Capacity, CEC) 측정 결과, 현장토와 비교하여 약 1.5배 정도 CEC가 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었으나, 첨가재에 따른 큰 차이점은 보이지 않았다. 화학구성과 결정구조의 변화를 살펴보기 위한 XRF와 SEM측정 결과, 첨가재에 따른 고화토의 결정구조의 큰 변화 양상을 확인할 수 없었다. 컬럼을 사용하여 중금속($Pb^{2+}$ $Cu^{2+}$ , $Cd^{2+}$ , $Zn^{2+}$ l00mg/L)을 혼합한 인공침출수를 현장토(columnl)와 첨가재의 종류에 따른 개량혼합토(column2, 3, 4)에 적용시킨 결과, 현장토의 경우, 유출수의 pH가 감소됨과 동시에 $Cd^{2+}$ 와 $Zn^{2+}$가 유출되어 거의 파과점까지 도달하였으며, 현장토의 중금속 고정능력은 $Pb^{2+}$ ≒$Cu^{2+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ 순으로 나타났다. 개량혼합토의 경우, 동일한 시점에서 column l에서 보여졌던 파과 현상은 나타나지 않았고, 팽윤도가 높은 B\circled1(column 2)보다 저급의 B\circled2(column 3)를 첨가한 개량혼합토가 화학적으로 훨씬 안정함을 보여주었으며, 시멘트, 벤토나이트와 함께 보조적으로 고화제(column 4)를 첨가했을 경우, 이러한 결과가 한층 더 두드러진다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.18-23
• /
• 1984

화동미사질식양토(華東微砂質埴壤土)의 침투속도(浸透速度)에 대한 공간변이성(空間變異性)이 지질통계학적(地質統計學的) 개념(槪念)인 지역변수이론(地域變數理論)으로 기술(記述)하였고, 구조분석(構造分析)에서 얻어진 정보(情報)를 이용(利用)하여 최양선형불편추정치(最量線型不偏推定値)(BLUE)인 Kriging값을 계산(計算)하였는 바 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 최소(最少)의 분산(分散)으로 Kriging같이 추정(推定)되었다. 2. 설정(設定)된 선형(線型)의 평균(平均) Variogram은 Kriging값을 추정(推定)하는 데 적합(適合)하다고 판단(判斷)되었다. 3. 표본추출지점(標本抽出地點)에서의 Kriging값과 실관측치(實觀測値)의 상관(相關)은 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)을 나타내었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 추계학술발표회
• /
• pp.71-74
• /
• 2001

AMB(Acid Mine Drainage), characterized as high concentration of metal & sulfate ions and low pH(2.0~4.0), is the world-wide problem wherever there is or has been mining activities. Though limestone has been generally used to neutralize AMD, There are metal hydroxide precipitation on the surface of limestone and excessive alkalinity formation which exceeds the regulation. In this research, concrete-recycled fine aggregate is selected for alternative neutralizing agent. Because fine recycled aggregate had more ANP than others in the preliminary research, the purpose of this research is to apply fine aggregate for AMD neutralization. Three columns packed with fine aggregates(2.5mm$O_3$) of it is calculated as 0.09(C-1), approximated 10% purity of limestone. Comparing with values of other columns(C-2: 0.01 and C-3: 0.01), there is variation of porosity and residence time induced from the precipitation of metal hydroxide. Consequently, 8 hours of HRT is enough to create adequate alkalinity and the function which could expect the variation of porosity(n) and residence time( $t_{R}$) should be applied to develop design function.lied to develop design function.