• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.284-287
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• 1999

The nose, a striking features of the human face, is regarded by many clinicians as the keystone of facial esthetics. Clinically, as the treatment of a dentofacial deformity, the soft tissue changes that occurred normally with movement of the skeletal bases. Changes of the soft tissue in the maxillary orthognathic surgery are widening of alar base, elevated nasal tip and flattening of upper lip. In addition, soft tissue change is difficult to predict, it has considerable variability in the response of soft tissue. We reviewed patients who received Le Fort I advancement osteotomy in our department and analysed preoperative and postoperative alar base width, nasal height in clinical measurement and cephalometry and patient's satisfaction of postoperative nasal appearance.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 1983

The soft tissue covering of the face plays an important role in facial esthetics, speech and other physiologic functions. Thus, it is recognised by all clinical orthodontists that success of orthodontic treatment is closely related to the changes in soft tissues of the face. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of bony and soft tissues in prepost treatment of Angle's Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 18 males and 37 females, pretreatment age of 9 years to 11 years. For this study 11 landmarks were plotted, 14 linear length, 4 soft tissue thickness and 2 angles were measured. The obtained results were as follows; 1. In the linear measurements of bony and soft tissue changes, A, Is, Ss, Ls and Li were located more anteriorly in both sexes. However Si and B showed more remarkable anterior movement in female. 2. In the comparison of the changes of the soft tissue thickness, Ss and Li in male subjects and Ss in female subjects increased. 3. In the degree of correlation between changes in the soft tissue profile and changes in the skeletal profile, Is: Ls, Il: Li and B: Si in both sexes had significant correlations. However A:Ss had remarkable significant correlation in female. 4. There were significant correlations between change in ${\angle}A$ and change in ${\angle}B$ in all sexes. 5. There were little correlation between changes in distance difference of Is and Ii and Change in distance difference of Ls and Li in all sexes.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1990

Facial balance is the primary detevminant of good facial esthetics and is expressed externally by the shape of facial soft tissues. Balance of the facial skeleton is most important in prediction of orthognathic surgery, however, it is not alwags coincided to soft tissue balance because the soft tissue drapes overlying hard tissue varies in thickness and tones from case to case. So, soft tissue facial balance and esthetics also should always be considered in prediction of hard tissue changes preoperatively. The chin has a paramount importance in the overall appearance of the face and facial profile because it may express individual charactor or image. Therefore positional change of the chin must be considered in any cases as the last and important option to give an overall soft tissue balance. Two cases were referred from orthodontists only for anterior segmental of teortomuy of the chin. Pre-operative evaluation showed poor soft tissue chin profiles which were not coincided to hard tissue chin balance. We altered surgical plans to fulfill balancing soft tissue profile and then could improve overall esthetics after surgery.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.217-227
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• 1992

The purpose of this paper is to investigate changes in soft tissue in 22 patients treated by vertical ramus osteotomy and sagittal split ramus osteotomy for the correction of mandibular prognathism. 22 individuals, 12 males and 10 females, were selected from the patients with mandibular prognathism at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Colledge of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University. Patient were analyzed with cephalogram taken 1 week before and at least 6 weeks after surgery under the same condition. Measurements were made constructed hard tissue and sop tissue points located on each before-and-after film tracing. Comparision were made of these figures to estimate the amount that the soft tissue followed the hard tissue structures in each surgical procedure : ratio of sop and hard tissue changes were formulated. The results were as follows. 1. The horizontal changes of Pogs and Bs as a ratio of the horizontal changes of Pog and B point were 1.02 and 1.16 respectively. 2. One millimeter of posterior changes at Pog resulted in 0.86mm of posterior change at Li and 0.09mm of posterior change at Ls. The greatest amount of sop tissue change occurred at Pogs, with substantially less posterior displacement at Bs, even less at Li and at least at Ls. 3. The ratio of LI to Li was 1:0.81 and the ratio of LI to Ls was not significant.(1 : 0.17) 4. The ULA(Cm-Sn-Ls) and the relative lower lip projection (LLP) was incnease4 but the relative upper lip projection (ULP) was slightly decreased 5. The angular change of the upper lip inclined angle (Ls-Sn/ANS-PNS) and lower lip inclined angle(Li-Pogs/Me-Go) expressed as a ratio of the posterior change of Pog were 0.57 and 0.20 respectively. 6. The ratio of the lower anterior facial height change of the soft tissue(Sn-Mes) to the hard tissue(ANS-Gn) were 0.78 and and the ratio of vertical height changes of the hard tissue and sop tissue to the posterior change of the Pog were 0.18 and 0.19 respectively. 7. The sop tissue angular change of facial convexity(G-Sn-Pogs) expressed as a ratio of the angular change of the hard tissue angle of facial convexity(N-A-Pog) was 1.24.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.65-78
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• 1997

본 연구는 성장에 의한 효과를 배제한 교정치료시의 연조직 변화와 치아 및 악골의 수평적, 수직적 움직임과의 상관 관계를 알아보고 예측 가능성을 검토하기 위해 Angle씨 2급 1류 부정 교합 환자 41명을 대상으로 치아 및 악골, 연조직의 수평, 수직이동의 평균 변화량을 측정하고 연조직에 대한 계단식 다중 회귀분석을 시행하였으며 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 경조직 계측항목 중 상악 중절치의 수평이동 및 기울기, 하악 중절치의 수평 및 수직이동, 수평피개량, 수직피개량, interincisal angle, 하악골 위치, 변화, A, B, 경조직 측모 돌출각 등의 항목에서, 연조직 계측항목 중 상순의 두께 및 후방이동, 기울기, 하순의 후방이동 및 기울기, interlabial angle, 비순각, 이순각, Sn, Ss, Si, 연조직 측모 돌출각등의 항목에서 치료 전과 후에 유의성 있게 변하였다(P<0.05). 2. 치료 전 후 유의한 변화를 보인 연조직 계측항목을 분석한 결과 모든 항목에서 경조직의 변화에 대해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 3. 연조직 회귀방정식에 중절치 수평피개량, 상악 전치 절단연의 후방이동량, 상악 전치 치근의 후방이동량, Pg의 수평변화량이 가장 높은 빈도로 포함됨으로써 이들은 연조직의 수직 및 수평변화에 영향을 많이 미치는 요소로 나타났으며 하악 전치의 수직이동량은 포함되지 않음으로써 연조직 변화와 관련성이 적은 것으로 나타났다. 4. Sn의 수직 및 수평변화는 경조직의 가장 많은 항목과 연관됨으로써 (A, B, Pg(H), overjet, upper incisor angle, Ur, Is(H)) 여러 경조직 변화의 복합적인 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 5. 연조직 계측항목에 대한 상관계수($R^2$)의 범위는 0.2-0.6으로 중등도의 상관정도를 나타내었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.193-199
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• 1983

The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to produce functional occlusion and to create or maintain facial esthetic harmony. The soft-tissue covering of the face also plays an important role in facial esthetics, speech and other physiologic functions. The study of the soft-tissue profile is important for the planning of orthodontic treatment. The author studied cephalometric X-ray films on 49 patients (23boys, 26 girls) with Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion, ranged from 9 to 13 years of age. Roentgenocephalmetric X-ray films were taken pre and post orthodontic care. Tracings were made in usual manner. The obtained results were as follow. 1. There was no significant sexual difference on mean changes. 2. In the comparison of the soft-tissue thickness changes, Ls-Ls' and Si-Si' in male subjects were remarkable. 9. There were significant correlations between osseous (Ss') change and soft-tissue (Ss) chang, of maxilla in male and female subjects subsequent to orthodontic treatment. 4. The ratios between the protraction of the Ss' and that of the Ss were 1:1.5 in all sexes, the ratios between the Si' and that of the Si were 1:1.4 in male and 1:1.2 in female. 5. There were significant correlations between maxillary central incise. angulation change $({\angle}A)$ and upper lip inclination change $({\angle}B)$ in all sexes. 6. There were little correlations between change in distance difference of Is and Ii and change in distance difference of Ls and Li in all sexes in all sexes.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the soft-tissue change after the maxillary protraction therapy using threedimensional (3D) facial images. Materials and Methods: This study used pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) 3D facial images from thirteen Class III malocclusion patients (6 boys and 7 girls; mean age, $8.9{\pm}2.2years$) who received maxillary protraction therapy. The facial images were taken using the optical scanner (Rexcan III 3D scanner), and T1 and T2 images were superimposed using forehead area as a reference. The soft-tissue changes after the treatment (T2-T1) were three-dimensionally calculated using 15 soft-tissue landmarks and 3 reference planes. Results: Anterior movements of the soft-tissue were observed on the pronasale, subnasale, nasal ala, soft-tissue zygoma, and upper lip area. Posterior movements were observed on the lower lip, soft-tissue B-point, and soft-tissue gnathion area. Vertically, most soft-tissue landmarks moved downward at T2. In transverse direction, bilateral landmarks, i.e. exocanthion, zygomatic point, nasal ala, and cheilion moved more laterally at T2. Conclusion: Facial soft-tissue of Class III malocclusion patients was changed three-dimensionally after maxillary protraction therapy. Especially, the facial profile was improved by forward movement of midface and downward and backward movement of lower face.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 1991

두부방사선사진을 이용한 안모의 측모예측은 악교정수술에 있어서 가장 중요한 수술전 치료계획의 한부분으로 술후 경조직과 연조직의 변화를 예상하며 술자와 환자간에 술후 결과를 의논하는 대화의 재료로서도 그 중요성이 크다. 그러나, 술후 환자의 최종적인 측모와 수술 직전에 수술 계획에 따라 시행한 술후 측모의 예측과는 차이가 있다. 이러한 수술 전 시행하는 측모 예측의 부정확성을 감소시키기 위하여 새로운 경조직 대 연조직 변화비율 등을 추정하는 많은 연구가 시행되어 왔으나 측모방사선 예측의 부정확도를 조사하고 이러한 부정확성에 영향을 미치는 변수를 확인함이 측모방사선예측의 부정확성을 이해하고 감소시키는 데에 있어서 그 중요성이 크다고 생각된다. 이에 저자들은, 이미 시행되어 수술에 사용된 술후 측모예측기록을 수술직후 두부방사선 사진 및 술후 최소 6개월 추적 방사선 사진에 중첩하여 측모 예측의 부정확도를 조사한 바 총 30명의 환자에서 20명(66.6%)이 부정확도를 보였고 악골 및 치열의 술후 위치 불안정성도 측모 예측 정확군과 부정확군에 모두 19명(63.3%)에서 발생하여 측모 예측의 부정확도 영향을 주는 중요한 요인으로 확인되었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.975-979
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• 1998

하악 전치부 근첨하 골전단술을 동반한 상악 변형 분절골 절단술 목적은 양치조성 혹은 양악 전돌 환자로부터 가장 좋은 치료 결과를 얻는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 두부방사선 계측 분석과 정면 사진을 비교 분석해 술 후 연조직 변화를 조사하였다. 구순 전돌이 효과적으로 감소되었으며 비순각은 증가하였다. 코가 약간 넓어졌으나 결과는 비교적 양호하였다. 절단된 골분절의 혈액공급은 잘 유지되었다. 이것은 많은 환자에게 적용할 수 있는 비교적 간단한 수술법이다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2008

본 연구는 중안면 함몰이 있는 골격성 III급 부정교합자의 중안면의 형태를 정상 표본과 비교하고, 악교정수술에 의하여 연조직이 어떤 변화를 보이는 지를 알아보기 위하여 시행하였다. 골격성 III급 부정교합으로 진단 받고 상악 전진술과 하악 후퇴술을 시행 받은 환자 34명(남자:15명, 여자:19명)을 대상으로 수술 전후 측모 두부방사선 계측사진을 분석하였다. 골격성 III급 부정교합자의 중안면의 경조직 계측치 S'-Or, Or${\bot}$NA, S'Or/SN, ${\angle}$SNOr에서 남녀모두에서 정상 교합자와 큰 차이가 있었다. 상악골이 평균 5.03 mm 전방이동 될 때 연조직 Orbitale는 2.26 mm전방으로 이동하였으며 상관계수는 0.599였다 (p<0.05). 상악 평면각의 변화(시계방향으로 회전)와 상악골의 수직이동은 연조직 Orbitale의 전방이동과 유의성있는 상관관계가 없었다. 상악골 전방이동에 대한 연조직 Orbitale와 Subnasale의 전방이동 비율은 각각 43.57%, 81.54%였다. 이상의 결과에서 중안면 함몰이 있는 환자는 상악골 전방이동시 상순과 비부 외에도 연조직 Orbitale를 포함한 중안면 연조직이 전방으로 이동하지만, 상악골의 회전이동 및 수직이동에 대해서는 연조직의 변화량이 적었다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 상악골의 수술에 따른 중안면 함몰의 해소를 예측하는데 도움이 될 것이다.