• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 1992

The purpose of this study was (i) to determine whether protease inhibition by medium chain fatty acids such as sodium caprate, sodium caprylate and sodium laurate led to suppression of insulin proteolysis over a range of insulin concentrations and (ii) elucidate preventing effect of the enhancers on molecular self-association of insulin in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer isotonic solution. To this end, the rate of insulin proteolysis in nasal tissue supernatants of the albino rabbits was determined in the presence of $0.1{\sim}2%$ sodium caprylate, sodium caprate and sodium laurate at insulin concentrations ranging from $5\;to\;100\;{\mu}M$. At fatty acid salts concentration lower than 0.5%, insulin proteolysis was accelerated but the enhancers of high concentration (>1%) reduced the rate of insulin proteolysis. These effects were dependent upon insulin concentration and chain length of fatty acid salts. Circular dichroism spectra of insulin solutions were then determined. Monomer fraction of insulin was increased with increasing sodium caprate. Therefore, half-life decrease of insulin at low concentrations of the enhancers was attributed to deaggregation of insulin by the enhancers, increasing the proportion of monomers available for nasal proteolysis. And the increase of half-life at high concentration of the enhancers was attributed to inhibitory effect on protease rather than the effect of monomer fraction.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.767-774
• /
• 2015

완도산 다시마를 천연 염미증강제로 개발하기 위하여 다시마로부터 정미성분이 최적으로 추출되는 열수 추출 조건을 평가하였으며, 다시마 추출분말을 이용하여 염미증강 효능과 나트륨 저감화율을 분석하였다. 정미성분 추출에 가장 적합한 완도산 다시마의 수확시기를 선정하기 위하여 5월, 6월, 7월에 수확한 다시마의 일반성분과 유리아미노산을 분석한 결과 정미성분 아미노산(glutamic acid와 aspartic acid)의 함량이 가장 높은 6월 수확 다시마를 추출 원료로 선정하였다. 다시마 열수 추출 온도와 시간 조건을 평가하기 위하여 $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$에서 1시간, 2시간, 3시간을 각각 추출하여 추출액의 품질 특성을 분석한 결과 $100^{\circ}C$ 추출 조건에서 가용성 고형분과 조단백의 함량이 35.47~36.93%와 3.75~4.00%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 점도는 1.96~2.19 cP로 낮게 나타나 추출 온도는 $100^{\circ}C$를 선정하였다. 추출 시간 선정을 위하여 $100^{\circ}C$에서 추출 시간에 따른 추출액의 정미성분 아미노산 함량과 관능적 특성을 평가한 결과 추출 2시간에서 정미성분 아미노산인 glutamic acid와 aspartic acid의 함량이 각각 275.33 mg%와 121.18 mg%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 관능적 기호도도 유의적으로 높게 평가되어 다시마로부터 정미성분 추출을 위해 적합한 추출 온도와 시간은 $100^{\circ}C$, 2시간 조건으로 확인되었다. 정미성분이 최적으로 추출된 다시마의 추출분말을 제조하여 NaCl 용액에 첨가한 후 염미증강 효능을 평가한 결과 짠맛 강도 1, 5, 9의 NaCl 용액이 다시마 추출분말 1% 첨가 후 짠맛 강도 4.25, 10.08, 16.58로 상승하였다. 동일한 짠맛 강도에서 NaCl 용액과 다시마 추출분말이 첨가된 시험용액의 나트륨 함량을 측정하여 나트륨 저감화율을 분석한 결과 12.24~24.33%의 저감화율을 나타내었다. 본 연구를 통하여 감칠맛과 정미성분이 풍부한 다시마 추출물은 조미소재뿐만 아니라 식품에서 나트륨 함량을 줄이기 위한 천연 염미증강제로서 산업적 활용을 기대할 수 있다.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.281-289
• /
• 2005

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling is mediated via two distinct receptors, TNFR2 and TNFR1, which shows partially overlapping signaling mechanisms and biological roles. In the present study, TNFR2 and TNFR1 signal transduction mechanisms involved in activation of $NF{\kappa}B$ and CMV promoter-enhancer were compared with respect to their susceptibility towards inhibitors of intracellular signaling. For this, we used SW480 cells, where we have shown that TNF-signaling can occur independently through each of the two receptors. The TNFR1 response was inhibited by D609, bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), nordihydroguararetic acid (NDGA), and by sodium salicylate, while TNFR2-mediated activation of $NF{\kappa}B$ and CMV promoter-enhancer was resistant to these compounds. The signaling mechanisms known to be affected by these inhibitors include phospholipases as well as redox- and pH-sensitive intracellular components. Our results imply that TNFR2 signaling involved in $NF{\kappa}B$ activation proceeds independently of these inhibitor-sensitive signaling components, indicating distinct signaling pathways not shared with TNFR1.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.171-177
• /
• 1999

Lidocaine(2-Diethylaminoaceto-2', 6'-xylidide) was transdennally delivered by iontophoresis and the effect of enhancer on the delivery of lidocaine was studied. We delivered lidocaine through the skin of hairless mouse using diffusion cell and investigated the effect of the amount of cation salts such as sodium chloride, calcium acetate, zinc acetate and aluminum acetate on the drug delivery. The amounts of transported drugs and adsorbed metal ions were measured by HPLC(High Perfonnance Liquid Chromatography) and AAS(Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry), respectively. The addition of zinc acetate and aluminum acetate greatly enhanced the delivery of lidocaine. The detection of two metal ions by AAS seemed to support the idea that the astringency effect of these ions were the main reason for the enhancement of transdermal delivery.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.217-225
• /
• 2011

The aim of this work was to prepare porous osmotic pump tablets for controlled delivery of Aceclofenac. Aceclofenac solid dispersion was prepared to improve the solubility by using the drug - carrier (Mannitol) ratio of 1:1. The osmotic pump tablets were prepared using the solid dispersed product of Aceclofenac. The formulation contains potassium chloride as osmotic agent, cellulose acetate as semipermeable membrane, poly ethylene glycol (PEG 4000) as pore former and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as solubility enhancer. The formulations were designed by the general factors such as osmotic agent and pore former. All formulations were evaluated for various physical parameters and, the in vitro release studies were conducted as per USP. The drug release kinetic studies such as zero order, first order, and Higuchi and Korsmeyer peppas were determined and compared. All the formulations gave more controlled release compared to the marketed tablet studied. Numerical optimization techniques were applied to found out the best formulation by considering the parameter of in vitro drug release kinetics and dissolution profile standards. It was concluded that the porous osmotic pump tablets (F7) composed of Aceclofenac solid dispersion/Potassium chloride/Lactose/Sodium lauryl sulphate/Magnesium Stearate (400/40/95/10/5, mg/tab) and coating composition with Cellulose acetate/ PEG 4000 (60/40 %w/w) is the most satisfactory formulation. The porous osmotic pump tablets provide prolonged, controlled, and gastrointestinal environment-independent drug release.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.79-84
• /
• 2010

Osteoporosis was traditionally defined by the occurrence of nontraumatic fractures, especially of the spine, in the setting of low bone mass. Bisphosphonates are an important group of therapeutic agents for the management of osteoporosis, as they inhibit bone resorption and increase bone density, thereby potentially decreasing fracture risk. Risedronate sodium is a bisphosphonate class used by oral formulation. In this study, risedronate was transdermally delivered by iontophoresis. Effects of polarity, pH, current density, and drug concentration were studied using a side-by-side diffusion cell including the hairless mice skin. In addition we studied effect of enhancers. The flux was evaluated by HPLC/UV system. The amount of transported drug under iontophoretic delivery was approximately 186 fold higher than that under passive delivery. Flux was proportional to the increase of drug concentration and current density. The flux was observed about 0.68mg/$cm^2$ when the amout of Propyleneglycol monolaurate (PGML) used 1% as enhancer. Results indicated that iontophoresis is an effective method for transdermal administration of risedronate sodium

• 산업식품공학
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.138-142
• /
• 2017

소금의 과량 섭취가 성인병, 생활습관병 등 여러 건강상에 문제가 있다는 보고에 의해 이를 해결하기 위한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 우리나라도 전통적인 식생활 습관에 의해 많은 소금을 섭취하고 있어 이를 개선하기 위한 범국가적으로 노력하고 있다. 최근 콩단백질을 활용한 우리나라의 발효 식품인 간장 등이 짠맛을 증진한다는 보고가 있어 이에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 간장의 주원료인 콩단백질을 가수분해하여 얻어진 효소가수분해(eHISP)의 짠맛 증진 효과에 대해 살펴보았다. 동일한 소금농도의 용액에 eHISP의 첨가량을 달리하였을 때 첨가량이 증가할수록 짠맛 증진효과도 증가하여, 50 mmol/L의 용액에 2%의 eHISP를 첨가하였을 경우 $70.13%{\pm}5.45%$의 짠맛 강도를 인지하였으며, 용액의 소금농도가 낮을수록 eHISP의 첨가에 따른 짠맛 증진효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 짠맛 증진효과는 콩단백질의 주요 아미노산 성분인 glutamic acid, aspartic acid와 효소가 수분해에 포함되어 있는 arginyl dipeptide와 같은 저분자량의 펩타이드 등의 상호작용에 의한 것으로 보인다. 0.1%에서 2%까지 eHISP의 첨가량을 달리하였을 경우 최소 2%에서 최대 39%의 짠맛 증진 효과를 나타내어 분리대두단백질의 효소가수분해물이 짠맛 증진물질로서 활용 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.751-756
• /
• 2015

소금의 과량 섭취가 건강에 유해한 영향을 미칠 수 있어 이를 해결하기 위한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 최근 우리나라의 전통 발효 식품인 간장, 액젓 등이 짠맛을 증진한다는 보고가 있어 이에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 어간장과 액젓의 주요 재료로 사용되는 멸치를 효소 가수분해한 eHAP의 짠맛 증진 효과에 대해 살펴보았다. 동일한 소금농도의 용액에 eHAP의 첨가량을 달리하였을 때 첨가량이 증가할수록 짠맛 증진효과도 증가하여, 50 mmol/L의 용액에 2%의 eHAP를 첨가하였을 경우 $67.79{\pm}6.35%$의 짠맛 강도를 인지하였으며, 용액의 소금농도가 높을수록 eHAP의 첨가에 따른 짠맛 증진효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 짠맛 증진 효과는 멸치 단백질 가수분해물에 다량 함유하고 있는 $\small{L}$-lysine과 $\small{L}$-arginine과 감칠맛을 나타내는 glutamic acid와 aspartic acid에 상호작용에 의한 것으로 보인다. 0.1%에서 2%까지 eHAP의 첨가량을 달리하였을 경우 최소 0.37%에서 최대 35.58%의 짠맛 증진 효과를 나타내어 멸치단백질 효소가수분해물이 염미 증진제로서 향후 활용 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권7호
• /
• pp.974-979
• /
• 2000

A total of 80 weaned piglets (Landrace $\times$ Yorkshire $\times$ Large White) were used in a 28-day growth assay to detennine the optimal inclusion level of sodium sulfite ($Na_{2}SO_{3}$) as an extrusion enhancer of soybean meal for nursery piglets. piglets (21 d of age, 6.04 kg of BW) were grouped into 4 treatments in a completely randomized block design. Treatments were: 1) Extruded SBM (Control), 2) Extruded SBM with 0.5% $Na_{2}SO_{3}$ (0.5 ESBM), 3) Extruded SBM with 1.0% $Na_{2}SO_{3}$ (1.0 ESBM) and 4) Extruded SBM with 1.5% $Na_{2}SO_{3}$ (1.5 ESBM). Each treatment has 4 replicates of 5 heads per pen. In phase I (d 0 to 14), diets supplied 3,400 kcal ME/kg, 23% crude protein, 1.65% lysine, 0.50% methionine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. Phase II (d 14 to 28) diets contained 3,300 kcal ME/kg, 21% crude protein, 1.45% lysine, 0.45% methionine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. For d 0 to 14, piglets fed 1.5 ESBM had greater ADG, ADFI and FCR compared to piglets fed control and 0.5 ESBM diet. ADG was significantly higher in piglets fed 1.5 ESBM diet than other groups (p<0.05) except 1.0 ESBM. In phase II (d 14 to 28), there was no significant differences in production traits among treatments. For overall period (d 0 to 28), piglets fed diets with high sodium sulfite grew faster than piglets fed control and 0.5 ESBM diets. The highest ADG and the best FeR were obtained in piglets fed diets with 1.5 ESBM during the entire period. Piglets fed 1.5 ESBM diet showed significantly higher crude protein digestibility than 0.5 ESBM (p<0.05) at d 14 post-weanling, but not at d 28 post-weanling. There were no significant differences in digestibilities of total amino acids. In conclusion, the addition level of 1~1.5% sodium sulfite for SBM extrusion could be favorable for rate and efficiency of growth in weaning pigs.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.47-51
• /
• 2006

Sodium butyrate (NaBu) is used as an enhancer for the production of recombinant proteins in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, NaBu is well-known for its cytotoxic effect, thereby inducing apoptosis. CHO cells which had been engineered to express a humanised anti-HBV antibody were cultured using serum-free medium, Ex-cell 301. From a seeding density of $2{\times}10^5$ cells/ml, CHO cells grown with serum-free medium reached a maximum cell density of $1.3{\times}10^6$ cells/ml after 9 days in culture and produced a maximal antibody concentration of 130 mg/l after 13 days in culture. In the perfusion culture system, CHO cells producing anti-HBV antibody grown in an 7.5 1 bioreactor seeded with $2{\times}10^5$ cells/ml reached a maximal antibody concentration of 85 mg/1 after 720 h in culture. The addition of 0.3 mM NaBu and lowering culture temperature to $33^{\circ}C$ elongated the culture period to 60 days and increased the production yield by 2-fold, compared to control culture.