• 제목/요약/키워드: sodium

검색결과 9,725건 처리시간 0.046초

한국 성인 여자에 있어서, 나트륨 섭취 수준이 체내 칼슘대사에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Dietary Sodium on Calcium Metabolism in Healthy Young Adult Women)

  • 김양애
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
    • /
    • 제20권4호
    • /
    • pp.246-257
    • /
    • 1987
  • The present study was conducted to examine the effect of an increased level of dietary sodium on calcium excretion in 8 health young adult Korean women on a controlled diet. After adaptation period of 2 days, each subject received 2811.8$\pm$68.1 mgNa(day during the initial period of 5 days (low sodium period) and 6417.1$\pm$248.6mgNa(day during the following period of 5 days (high sodium period). Calcium intake was 593.7$\pm$15.7 mg Ca/day during the low sodium period of 596.1$\pm$25.1 Ca/day duing the high sodium period. When the low sodium period is compared with the high soidum period, the results were as following. 1) Mean urinary sodium excretion was significantly higher during the high sodium period (5760.1$\pm$156.5mg0 than during the low sodium period (2272.2$\pm$108.6mg)(P<0.001). Fecal sodium excretion of the high sodium period was also significantly higher than that of the low sodium period(P<0.001). Mean value of sodium balance during the high sodium period was higher than that of the low sodium period . However, the difference was not significant. 2) Mean urinary calcium excretion was significantly higher during the high sodium period than during the low sodium period ; mean value of the low sodium period was 124.7$\pm$11.3mg and that of the high sodium period was 202.6$\pm$17.2mg)P<0.001). Fecal calcium excretion was higher during the high sodium period (284.9$\pm$31.0mg) than during the low sodium period (253.9$\pm$15.3mg0, but there was no significance. Mean value of calcium balance during the high sodium period was significantly lower than that of the low sodium period(P<0.001). The above results show that high sodium intake increases calcium excretion as well as sodium excretion.

  • PDF

성인 여성의 나트륨 섭취수준과 칼슘 영양상태 및 골밀도 (Calcium Status and Bone Mineral Density by the Level of Sodium Intake in Young Women)

  • 윤진숙;이미정
    • 대한지역사회영양학회지
    • /
    • 제18권2호
    • /
    • pp.125-133
    • /
    • 2013
  • Previous studies have shown that sodium excretion is positively related to calcium excretion in the urine. As excessive sodium intake is a common nutritional problem in Korea, we intended to investigate associations among sodium intake levels and calcium status, evaluated by 24 hour recall method and urinary excretion, and bone status. We collected dietary information for non-consecutive three days from 139 young adult women 19~29 years. After classifying the subjects into 4 groups based on the dietary sodium levels by daily total sodium intake (mg) and sodium density (sodium intake per 1000 kcal energy intake), we compared the bone status, nutrient intakes, urinary calcium and sodium excretions. The results showed a positive association between total daily sodium intake and intake of other nutrients. However, no significant differences in nutrients intakes were observed among subject groups classified by sodium density levels. There were no significant differences of bone density among groups by total daily sodium intake as well as by sodium density. While total daily sodium intake showed significantly positive relationship with urinary sodium (p < 0.05) and calcium (p < 0.05), sodium density was not related to urinary excretion of calcium and sodium. Our results suggested that promoting balanced meals providing appropriate amounts of energy intake is the essential component of nutrition education for improving calcium status of young Korean women with excessive sodium intake.

Controlled Conversion of Sodium Metal From Nuclear Systems to Sodium Chloride

  • Herrmann, Steven;Zhao, Haiyan;Shi, Meng;Patterson, Michael
    • 방사성폐기물학회지
    • /
    • 제19권2호
    • /
    • pp.233-241
    • /
    • 2021
  • A series of three bench-scale experiments was performed to investigate the conversion of sodium metal to sodium chloride via reactions with non-metal and metal chlorides. Specifically, batches of molten sodium metal were separately contacted with ammonium chloride and ferrous chloride to form sodium chloride in both cases along with iron in the latter case. Additional ferrous chloride was added to two of the three batches to form low melting point consolidated mixtures of sodium chloride and ferrous chloride, whereas consolidation of a sodium-chloride product was performed in a separate batch. Samples of the products were characterized via X-ray diffraction to identify attendant compounds. The reaction of sodium metal with metered ammonium chloride particulate feeds proceeded without reaction excursions and produced pure colorless sodium chloride. The reaction of sodium metal with ferrous chloride yielded occasional reaction excursions as evidenced by temperature spikes and fuming ferrous chloride, producing a dark salt-metal mixture. This investigation into a method for controlled conversion of sodium metal to sodium chloride is particularly applicable to sodium containing elevated levels of radioactivity-including bond sodium from nuclear fuels-in remote-handled inert-atmosphere environments.

식이 sodium 제한 및 식이 sodium 제한에 따른 항고혈압제의 투여가 만성신부전증의 진행에 미치는 영향에 관한 실험적 연구 (Effects of Dietary Salt Restriction on the Development of Renal Failure in the Excision Remnant Kidney Model)

  • 김기혁;김상윤;강용주;맹원재;김교순
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
    • /
    • 제3권2호
    • /
    • pp.170-179
    • /
    • 1999
  • 목적 : 만성신부전유발 백서에서 식이 sodium 제한이 만성신부전의 진행속도 및 혈압조절에 어떠한 영향을 주는지, 또한 항고혈압제제 (enalapril: E, nicardipine: N)와 병행 투여하였을 매 항고혈압제제 단독투여보다 만성신부전의 진행속도 및 혈압조절에 어떠한 영향을 주는 지를 연구하였다. 방법 : 5/6 신절제술로 만성신부전을 유발시킨 백서를 수술 제 7일부터 무작위로 0.49% sodium 식이군, 0.25% sodium 식이군, 0.49% sodium 식이 enalapril군, 0.49% sodium 식이 nicardipine군, 0.25% sodium식이 enalapril군, 0.25% sodium식이 nicardipine군으로 나누고 신절제술 4주, 12주, 16주 혹은 24주에 혈압, 24시간 단백뇨의 변화, 신 조직의 mesangial expansion score(MES) 및 사구체용적의 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 곁 과 : 1) 0.25% sodium 식이군은 0.49% sodium 식이군보다 혈압의 감소를 보였고 0.25% sodium 식이 enalapril군, 0.25% sodium 식이 nicardipine군, 0.49% sodium 식이 enalapril군, 0.49% sodium 식이 nicardipine 군에서는 혈압의 감소가 관찰되었다. 2) 16주째 0.25% sodium 식이 enalapril군, 0.25% sodium 식이 nicardipine군, 0.49% sodium 식이 enalapril군, 0.49% sodium 식이 nicardipine 군은 0.49% sodium 식이군보다 의의있는 단백뇨의 감소를 보였다 (P<0.05). 0.25% sodium 식이군의 16주째 뇨단백은 $78{\pm}16$ mg 이었고 0.25% sodium 식이 enalapril 군, 0.25% sodium 식이 nicardipine군은 각각 $35{\pm}9mg,\;41{\pm}15mg$으로 enalapril, nicardipine 에 의해 뇨단백의 감소를 관찰할 수 있었고, 0.25% sodium 식이군의 24주째 뇨단백은 $82{\pm}10$ mg 이었고 0.25% sodium 식이 enalapril 군,0.25% sodium 식이 nicardipine군은 각각 $54{\pm}3mg,\;76{\pm}11mg$으로, enalapril 에 의해서만 24 시간 단백뇨의 의의있는 감소를 관찰할 수 있었다. 3) 24주째 백서를 희생하여 크레아티닌 청소률을 관찰한 결과 심한 신부전은 관찰되지 않았고, 0.25% sodium 식이 대조군에 비해 0.25% sodium 식이 enalapril군에서 사구체여과율이 증가됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 4) 신절제술후 남아 있는 신조직무게를 비교하여 보면 24주째 0.25% sodium 식이군, 0.25% sodium 식이 enalapril군, 0.25% sodium 식이 nicardipine군에서 16주째 0.49% sodium 식이군, 0.49% sodium 식이 enalapril군, 0.49% sodium 식이 nicardipine 군보다 의의있게 신조직무게가 증가됨을 관찰할 수 없었다. 5) 0.25% sodium 식이군은 0.49% sodium 식이군과 비교하여 MES의 현저한 감소를 보였고 (0.25% sodium식이군: 12주; $1.97{\pm}0.02$, 24주; $2.06{\pm}0.03$ vs. 0.49% sodium 식이군: 12주; $2.29{\pm}0.09$, 16주; $2.55{\pm}0.16$, P<0.05) 12주 이후에 관찰한 MES는 0.25% sodium 식이군, 0.25% sodium 식이 enalapril군, 0.25% sodium 식이 nicardipine군 세군간의 통계적인 차이는 없었다. 6) 24주에 시행한 0.25% sodium 식이군의 사구체용적은 16주에 시행한 0.49% sodium 식이군의 사구체용적보다 현저하게 감소되어있었다 (0.25% sodium 식이군:24주; $1.58{\pm}0.18{\times}10^6{\mu}m^3$ vs. 0.49% sodium 식이군:16주; $1.98{\pm}0.18{\times}10^6{\mu}m^3$, P<0.05). 24주 0.25% sodium 식이 enalapril군의 사구체용적($1.51{\pm}0.08{\times}10^6{\mu}m^3$)은 16주 0.49% sodium 식이 enalapril군의 사구체용적($1.81{\pm}0.22{\times}10^6{\mu}m^3$)과 비교하여 현저한 감소를 보였다. 12주, 24 주에 관찰한 0.25% sodium 식이군, 0.25% sodium 식이 enalapril군, 0.25% sodium 식이 nicardipine군의 사구체용적은 세군간에 의의있는 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 식이 sodium 제한은 대상성 신비대의 감소를 통해 신손상을 감소시켰고 혈압의 감소에도 도움을 주었다. 식이 sodium 제한과 항고혈압제재 특히 enalapril을 병행투여하였을 때 항고혈압제재 단독투여보다 뇨단백 및 신조직의 대상성 비대를 감소시켰다. 따라서 만성신부전증에서 경도의 저sodium식이가 만성신부전으로의 진행을 지연시키며 혈압의 감소에도 도움이 됨을 알 수 있었다.

  • PDF

Sodium content changes between 2015 and 2019 in restaurant menu items selected for sodium reduction in Daegu

  • Ma, Jian;Lee, Yeon-Kyung
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
    • /
    • 제16권4호
    • /
    • pp.537-548
    • /
    • 2022
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: South Korea has been conducting the Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project since 2015 to reduce sodium contents in restaurant menus. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the sodium content of menus as determined by the Daegu Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project between 2015 and 2019. MATERIALS/METHODS: Intervention was aimed at reducing the sodium contents of over 10% of menu items in participating restaurants. On-site inspections and evaluations were conducted using a checklist, and reductions in sodium contents were determined by analyzing the salinities and sodium contents of menus after intervention. RESULTS: Post-intervention salinities and sodium contents were significantly lower than baseline values in 2016 (P < 0.001), 2017 (P < 0.001), 2018 (P < 0.001), and 2019 (P < 0.001). However, sodium contents and salinities differences before and after intervention were not significant in 2015. Sodium contents of more than 20% of menu items offered by restaurants that participated in the Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project for 2 yrs starting in 2016 declined by 28.9%. On the other hand, the sodium reduction rate achieved by restaurants that participated for 4 yrs from 2015 reached 55.4%. The percentage of restaurants that participated in the project increased annually, though some failed to be designated as Sodium Reduction Restaurants because they did not meet sodium reduction rate requirements. CONCLUSIONS: Positive correlations were found between duration of participation in the project and sodium reduction and designation rates. Sustainable long-term support at the national level is required to expand the project to other regions.

Use of Antimicrobial Food Additives as Potential Dipping Solutions to Control Pseudomonas spp. Contamination in the Frankfurters and Ham

  • Oh, Mi-Hwa;Park, Beom-Young;Jo, Hyunji;Lee, Soomin;Lee, Heeyoung;Choi, Kyoung-Hee;Yoon, Yohan
    • 한국축산식품학회지
    • /
    • 제34권5호
    • /
    • pp.591-596
    • /
    • 2014
  • This study evaluated the effect of sodium diacetate and sodium lactate solutions for reducing the cell count of Pseudomonas spp. in frankfurters and hams. A mixture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCCP10338, NCCP10250, and NCCP11229), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (KACC10323 and KACC10326) was inoculated on cooked frankfurters and ham. The inoculated samples were immersed into control (sterile distilled water), sodium diacetate (5 and 10%), sodium lactate (5 and 10%), 5% sodium diacetate + 5% sodium lactate, and 10% sodium diacetate + 10% sodium lactate for 0-10 min. Inoculated frankfurters and ham were also immersed into acidified (pH 3.0) solutions such as acidified sodium diacetate (5 and 10%), and acidified sodium lactate (5 and 10%) in addition to control (acidified distilled water) for 0-10 min. Total aerobic plate counts for Pseudomonas spp. were enumerated on Cetrimide agar. Significant reductions (ca. 2 Log CFU/g) in Pseudomonas spp. cells on frankfurters and ham were observed only for a combination treatment of 10% sodium lactate + 10% sodium diacetate. When the solutions were acidified to pH 3.0, the total reductions of Pseudomonas spp. were 1.5-4.0 Log CFU/g. The order of reduction amounts of Pseudomonas spp. cell counts was 10% sodium lactate > 5% sodium lactate ${\geq}$ 10% sodium diacetate > 5% sodium diacetate > control for frankfurters, and 10% sodium lactate > 5% sodium lactate > 10% sodium diacetate > 5% sodium diacetate > control for ham. The results suggest that using acidified food additive antimicrobials, as dipping solutions, should be useful in reducing Pseudomonas spp. on frankfurters and ham.

Development and application of the sodium index to estimate and assess sodium intake for Korean adults

  • Lee, Yeon-Kyung;Hyun, Taisun;Ro, Heekyong;Heo, Young-Ran;Choi, Mi-Kyeong
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
    • /
    • 제16권3호
    • /
    • pp.366-378
    • /
    • 2022
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a sodium index, which is a tool for estimating and assessing sodium intake easily and quickly, to assist in the prevention of various diseases induced by excess sodium intake in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The 24-h urine collection and dietary behavior surveys were performed on 640 healthy people in 4 regions of South Korea, and an equation for the estimation of 24-h sodium intake was developed. The validity and reliability of the equation were verified with 200 adults. The sodium index was developed by converting the estimated sodium intake using the equation. Finally, the sodium intake status of 1,600 adults was assessed using the sodium index. RESULTS: The equation included sex, age, body mass index, eating habit and dietary behaviors related to sodium intake. In validity test of the equation, the mean bias between sodium intake using 24-h urine analysis and using the equation from the Bland-Altman plots was -1.5 mg/day. The sensitivity and specificity of the equation for estimation of sodium intake were 80.5% and 64.4%, respectively. In the reliability test of the equation, there was no significant difference between the first and second sodium intakes calculated using the equations, and Spearman's correlation coefficient between the 2 sodium intakes was 0.98. Sodium intake can be assessed as 'very moderate' for 75-100 on the sodium index, 'moderate' for 100-150, 'careful' for less than 75 or 150-200, and 'severe' for 250 or more. When sodium intake was assessed using the sodium index in 1,600 subjects, 54.3% and 24.3% of the subjects were assessed to be in the 'careful' and 'severe' categories, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Using a simple questionnaire, the sodium index can be used to monitor and assess sodium intake status, assisting in nutrition education and counseling in a large population.

화재완화를 위한 소듐 루프 건물의 구획화 (Fire Mitigation by Partitioning a Sodium Loop Building)

  • 김병호;권상운;정경채;김광락;황성태
    • 한국안전학회지
    • /
    • 제13권3호
    • /
    • pp.32-44
    • /
    • 1998
  • Analysis on the study for the sodium fire mitigation was carried out using the CONTAIN-LMR code. Sodium loop building was partitioned into the many cells, in which the safety venting systems were installed for the purpose of improving the sodium fire safety and minimizing its effect on the sodium loop building. The effects of sodium fire on sodium loop building partitioned into the many cells and not partitioned were investigated. The peak pressure and temperature of each cell accompanied by sodium fire in sodium loop building partitioned were lower than those of sodium loop building not partitioned. In the case of partitioning sodium loop building, the pressures, temperatures and aerosols into cells were transferred through propagation path of CONTAIN-LMR sodium fire model simulated by this study, and the effect of sodium spray fire on sodium loop building was mitigated by partitioning building. In addition, the excessive rise of pressure into cells was prevented by installing the over-pressure exhaust valve and under-pressure exhaust valve on the flow path between cells.

  • PDF

알카리제의 조성에 따른 라면의 조직감과 관능적 특성 (Effects of Alkaline reagents on Textural and Sensory Properties of Ramyon)

  • 정재홍
    • 한국식생활문화학회지
    • /
    • 제13권4호
    • /
    • pp.261-266
    • /
    • 1998
  • 라면 제조에 있어서 알카리제의 첨가가 라면의 조직감과 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 알카리제의 조성을 달리하여 소맥분에 대하여 0.5%를 사용하여 라면을 제조한 뒤 조리시험, 면의 조직 특성을 측정하고 관능검사를 평가하였다. 알카리제를 첨가하여 제조한 라면의 층밀림 압출력은 시료 A(potassium carbonate 64%, sodium carbonate 14%, sodium pyrophosphate 2% and sodium metaphosphate 20%)가 12.80(kgf)로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 표준 시료 E는 가장 작은 수치인 5.34(kgf)로 측정되었다. 경도도 시료 A가 18.57(kgf)로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 표준 시료 E는 11.23(kgf)으로 측정되었다. 시료 A로 제조한 라면의 무게 증가는 표준 시료 E보다 높게 나타났다. 반면에 부피 증가는 오히려 낮게 나타났으며 시료 A가 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 용출양의 차이는 모든 시료가 $35{\sim}38%$의 범위를 나타낸 반면 표준 시료 E는 70%로 나타나 시료 A보다 2배 정도 많게 증가하는 현상을 보였다. 요오드 정색도는 모든 시료가 $2.10{\sim}2.20$으로 유사하게 나타났다. 관능검사 결과는 시료 A와 B(potassium carbonate 31%, sodium carbonate 39%, sodium pyrophosphate 1%, sodium metaphosphate 15%, sodium polyphosphate 8%, sodium phosphate monobasic 4% and sodium phosphate basic 2%)가 각각 4.4, 4.2로 비교적 좋은 점수를 얻었으며, 그 다음이 시료 C(potassium carbonate 60%, sodium carbonate 33% and sodium pyrophosphate 7%)와 D(potasaum carnate 44%, sodium carbonate 27%, sodium metaphosphate 27% and sodium polyphosphate 2%)로 각각 3.8, 3.7을 얻었다. 반면 표준 시료 E는 2.8로 저조한 결과를 얻었다. 이 결과에서 알 수 있듯이 라면 제조시 알카리제의 조성 비율은 시료 A의 조성으로 하여 사용하면 라면의 품질 향상 효과가 크게 나타난다고 할 수 있겠다.

  • PDF

나트륨 저감 제품에 대한 태도, 수용도 및 나트륨 인지가 나트륨 저감 식품 구매의도에 미치는 영향 - 식품전문가를 중심으로 - (The Attitude towards, and Acceptance of Sodium-Reduced Products, and the Influences that Recognition of Sodium give to the Purchasing Intention of Sodium-Reduced Products - Focused on the Food Specialist -)

  • 이보나;김진우
    • 한국식품영양학회지
    • /
    • 제29권1호
    • /
    • pp.52-57
    • /
    • 2016
  • This research study aimed to examine the seriousness related to sodium over intakes that is becoming a global issue, evaluate how the recognition of sodium-reduced products and its acceptance can influence the intention of purchasing sodium-reduced products, and generate basic data for establishment of marketing strategy of campaigns such as reducing sodium intake and commercialization of sodium-reduced products. According to the results of the research, the acceptance of sodium-reduced products significantly influenced the purchasing intention of sodium-reduced products, while the attitude towards sodium and recognition of sodium did not significantly influence the purchasing intention of sodium-reduced products. Extension of these research findings to ordinary people and the analysis of main causes that affect the recognition of sodium-reduced products and purchasing intention provide a solid basis for efficient sodium-reduction publicity and development of directions for campaigns.