• English & American cultural studies
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.163-188
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• 2018

Through the action of Major Barbara, Shaw advocates the improvement of human race and civilization through fabian eugenic socialism in the based on the Galtonian eugenics and social Darwinism in late Victorian period. In the play, Shaw contrasts two ideologies, Barbara's spiritual institutionalized Christianity with Undershaft's worldly power to control the conventional society. For the dramatic purpose, Shaw symbolically combines the power of the munitions maker, the intellect of the scholar and the faith of the Salvationist. Shaw seems to believe that the best way of improving the human society can be comprised by effective eugenic agencies regarded Shavian trinities. In relation to the eugenic discourses for social betterment, this essay explores how Shaw's ideas on social eugenic is perceived in Major Barbara through main characters as spiritual, intellectual and economic agencies in terms of social Darwinism for the progress of the human society. As always, Shaw's evolutionary agencies are disillusionized from the idealistic faith through the realistic awareness of economic facts, which is manifested in their practices to advance the institutional society Shaw attacked. It is obvious that the significant facts of eugenic socialism/social eugenics based on social Darwinism are promoted by Barbara, Cusins and Undershaft in Major Barbara to maintain a worthy evolution of society and humanity.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.6 s.111
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• pp.595-612
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• 2005

This paper is to inquire into nature of the educated's geography from 1905 to 1910 by researching relevant geographical resources in HAKBO published by the Academic Society. At that time, the Patriotic Enlightenment Movement was active, and the Academic Society attempted to enlighten people, to enrich the country, and to restore the sovereign right. The educated tried to understand the reality in view of social Darwinism and make their country the winner as well as the fit in the struggle for existence by this movement. Their effort can be seen in HAKBO and geography in it. The contents of geography in HAKBO was related to world-wide geographical information and intended to instil patriotism into the hearts of people. As their research methods, they adopted systematic geographical method by comparing between region and region, or studying relationships of the nature and human, and Hettner's regional geographical method which describes human after the nature. Hence, it is proved that the educated's geography in HAKBO introduced modem geography in western society for Patriotic Enlightenment and it used its geographical methods.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.8
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• pp.89-119
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• 2009

Kim, Jun-Geun(Gisan) was a late 19th century Chosen dynasty painter who created numerous genre paintings for West European clients in the newly opened treaty ports of Wonsan, Busan and Inchon. The treaty ports in the late 19th century Chosen represented of the crossroads the economy, values, and the institutions of the West European powers. In particular, the agriculture-based economy, Confucianism, and land-owner noble class started being eroded by a commerce-based economy, the values of Christianity, West European institution, and a new class of people who amassed wealth from commerce. As Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings were created for sale to West European clients, they exhibit characteristics that are distinct from the traditional genre paintings in terms of presentation style and the selection of the subject matters. The export genre painting originated in the 18th century around Guangdong, China. Broadly, there are two styles of genre paintings: the Guangzhou style and Ningbo style. Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings resemble the Ningbo style. The Ningbo style tends to highlight the main subjects, form an album of small paintings, and provide a simple treatment of the scenes without the background. Kim, Jun-Geun's paintings cover most aspects of life of common people of his time, ranging well beyond the subjects matters of the traditional genre paintings. His subject matters include the scenes of funeral, folk games, Buddhist and ancestor worship, prison and punishment, shaman custom, debauchees, government officials' formal trips, beggars and handicapped, etc. Many of the subjects are the neglected and the oppressed of the society. And he presents in detail the dress and its ornament that the subjects wear, and all the utensils and things around them. Besides, his subjects' faces are generally expressionless, and their postures are stiff; as such, the feeling of liveliness or movement is lacking. It may be the results of Kim, Jun-Geun's taking the other perspective, namely of his West European clients, rather than his own. The adoption of the other perspective may in turn be a product of the Social Darwinism and the new sense of values that accompanied the infusion of Christianity and West European institutions. Kim, Jun-Geun's portrayals of his subjects appear to reflect the attributes with which the West European Orientalists' of the period characterized the people of the Far East, namely, backwardness, barbarity, irrationality, violence, and mysticism.

• Art History and Visual Culture
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• no.22
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• pp.254-279
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• 2018

This essay traces the origin and the social function of medieval knights in Edwin Austin Abbey's murals ${\ll}$The Quest of the Holy Grail${\gg}$ in the Boston Public Library. Medieval knights in the Arthurian legend appeared in American novels at the end of 1850s and in political cartoons in the 1870s. They are featured in American Renaissance murals as well. ${\ll}$The Quest of the Holy Grail${\gg}$ painted in 1895 was the first of its kind. In Britain, the Pre-Raphaelites frequently painted medieval knights. Abbey fused the visual idiom of the Pre-Raphaelites and that of the Royal Academy of Arts in his depiction of knights. Unlike the Pre-Raphaelites, who usually focused on knights' activities, he emphasized their virtue. His representation of knights reflect the social and economic crises in America in the 1890s. After the Civil War, American society enjoyed economic prosperity but suffered from government corruption, economic inequality, and class conflict. Serious social problems such as poverty and inequality decayed American society. Writers and artists brought attention to these issues. This essay argues that Abbey criticized capitalists and expressed his hope for progress through the figure of Galahad as the iconic representation of civic virtue in ${\ll}$The Quest of the Holy Grail${\gg}$. Installed in the Boston Public Library, Abbey's murals performed a public function to warn the viewers of economic and social chaos resulting from government corruption. Abbey's American knights not only emphasized moral responsibility but also promoted patriotism. The artist refashioned medieval knights into American citizens, whose civic virtue became essential to an ideal leader in American society.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.223-249
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• 2014

The influences of sciences on literature have been much researched as relatively familiar themes, and especially the impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory has been interesting research themes on 19th-century history and "Two Cultures". This article outlines the impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on literatures of the 19th-century British and enlightening-and-colonial-era Korea focusing on some significant features of literary changes, with help of existing researches. It will also give a brief overview of evolutionary psychology as a new perspective of literary criticism. In particular, it will try to show that many transformations of poems and novels appeared diversely depending on different circumstances and various religious or social beliefs societies and individuals were facing and having, and that new understanding of metaphor, narrative, and mind through rediscovery of nature, human and evolution underlay the big changes of literatures.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.747-763
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• 2013

Books on world geography, so called "萬國地誌" had an important influence on changing Koreans' views of the world and the nation through the introduction of new world geographical knowledge during the period of modern enlightenment(1894~1910). "小學萬國地誌" was published in 1895 by Hakbu as an early world geography textbook. This study sought to discuss the significance and influence of "小學萬國地誌" by focusing on its contents organization and description style. The findings are as follows. The six regional contents organization adopted the modern regional geographical method by regional scale classification, describing the human geography based on the physical geography, comparing regional characteristics or studying the relationship between human and the nature. In addition, this textbook was written using the kukhanmun style that displays several characteristics of modern printing culture. Many geographical names were written in Korean characters and geographical knowledge was accepted actively from the modern world, subsequently contributing to the generalization of geographical knowledge. This textbook led to the transition of the Koreans' worldview from a China-centric focus by providing practical and specific knowledge about the world, toward the Korean modernization based on the multiple ideologies of social Darwinism and the advent of enlightenment, imperialism and nationalism.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.56
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• pp.71-85
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• 2011

This thesis reviews the process in which the regulation systems against ownership concentration of newspapers established with the opportunity of legislation of the periodical act in 1987 was reinforced as they were all amended to the newspaper act in 2005 and as they were again amended in 2009 it came to confront crisis in the aspect of press law legislation history. The regulation systems against ownership concentration of newspapers established based on the principle of legality of newspaper function in the Clause 3, the Article 21 of Constitution was reinforced as the newspaper act in 2005 and in 2006 they began to shrink following the Constitution Court decision against newspaper act. As newspaper act and broadcast act are revised in 2009, regulation against combining the management of newspapers with broadcast and regulation against owning multiple number of newspapers came not to exist. Because in this process, the opposition party also allowed limited cross-ownership of newspaper and broadcast, it can be said that the system of newspaper ownership regulation confronted the crisis of dissolution. The instruction of regulation alleviation in a short period of time in spite of the fact that regulation alleviation which allows cross-ownership of newspaper and broadcast is the matter of policy that should be decided after long-term review of the change of media environment and the progress of the power of domination of public opinion is dangerous. Newspapers are strong media with terrestrial broadcast in formation of public opinion on politics. It's because it is difficult to ignore the worry that the power of domination of public opinion of the newspapers which are in oligopoly of newspaper public opinion market can be spreaded to the territory of report broadcast. From the point of view that there is probability for democracy to be ultimately threatened due to the shrink of political Darwinism caused by concentration of media ownership, the alleviation of ownership concentration of newspapers should have premise of long-term social discussion.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.43
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• pp.141-170
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• 2014

Science of gaining knowledge by the study of things[格物致知學]' is the translation of Science in Chosun age. Science of gaining knowledge by the study of things[格物致知學] which is the highest stage of new science is the symbol of the transfer of universal culture to the western modern civilization from old-fashioned confucianism. Modern western culture and the scientific way of thinking make man as a object to scientific research. Thinking method of social Darwinism made man believe to think like them as the modern method. And also such thinking method made man militarism and imperialism are right thinking and research methods. The core to think the science of gaining knowledge by the study of things[格 物致知學] as a violent thinking method is the Confucianism. By this method Park Eun-sik criticize this side of scientific technology as the means of militarism. Till now we pointed to think of the traditional philosophy as the tool of the western modern philosophy about war criminal. Now we rethink of the Confucianism asset as a tool of Korean Modern Culture. Musungmumul[無誠無 物] will offer moral basis to think humanism of the scientific technology of the modern western culture.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.75-88
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• 2021

The film won the Golden Palm Award at the Cannes Film Festival, and received the Academy Award for a non-English-speaking film in February 2020, respectively. It has received a monumental evaluation in the world film history. Overall, this film is about class conflict, and critics evaluate the theme of the film as "badly twisted class gap" and "anger from class." The film expresses an intrinsic conflict embodied in culture as a "tragedy in which no bad person appears," rather than the dichotomous composition of the classical class struggle from Marxism. In other words, this can be seen as expressing the substrated class relationship of the modern society that Pierre Bourdieu had argued. This film has been focused as a controversial target under Korea society with excess of ideology. Politics used to adopt the keyword, 'parasite', for political disputes not only in culture contents world. Paradoxically socialism China did not allow to release film 'Parasite.' On the other hand, Lee O-Yong argues that the movie "Parasite" does not look at social phenomena through a dichotomous perspective, but is viewed through a "double perspective" and evaluates that it does not lose eyes looking at humans through tension. This view is based upon 'Vital Capitalism'. Lee. O-Yong looks at the movie "Parasite" from the perspective of "Vital Capitalism". The theory of Vital Capitalism does not seek to find the root of historical development in class struggle conflicts, but rather figuring out history and society pays attention onto the intrinsic characteristics of life, Topophilia, Neophilia, and Biophilia. Lee Eo-ryeong argues that the development of civilization theory evolved from the stage of Hobbes' Darwinism or predatism to the stage of host vs. parasite of Michel Serres, and onto the stage of Margulis's 'Win-Win (inter-dependence)'. In this paper, after overview of vital capital concept and preceeding research, re-interpretations were tried onto scenes based upon fields from habitus, culture capital. This exploration looks for a alternative for excess of ideology in Korea society.