• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.102-113
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among dietary behavior, meal balance, and clinical symptoms related nutritional status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in preschool children. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and the subjects were 3~6 years old preschool children in Samcheok. Subjects were divided into an ADHD dispositions group(n=88) and a normal group(n=129) based on assessments conducted by the children's mother using the Abbreviated Conners's Parent Rating Scale. There was no significant difference in meal frequency, meal speed, meal regularity or meal balance between children with ADHD dispositions and the normal groups. The ADHD disposition group had a higher proportion of children with picky eating(p<0.05), too much snacking(p<0.05) and over eating (p=0.05) habits than the normal group. In addition, the ADHD dispositions group had a higher frequency of clinical symptoms such as 'breathlessness when going up stairs', 'sleeplessness', 'anxiety' and 'tiredness'. Overall, there was a significant relationship between ADHD disposition and dietary problems and clinical symptoms related to poor nutritional status in preschool children. Therefore, to prevent and treat ADHD in preschool children, proper dietary management such as correcting of picky eating, over snacking and overeating is needed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.710-719
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• 2015

This study was undertaken to identify factors affecting school food waste generation using a questionnaire. The subjects were 254 high school students (male; 156, female; 98) in Sacheon, Gyeongnam divided into three groups of low (${\leq}1/week$), moderate (2~3/week), and high (${\geq}4/week$) according to the frequencies of food waste. The questionnaires consisted of general characteristics, anthropometric values, dietary habits, health-related behaviors, self-perceptions of food waste, snacking patterns, and nutrition knowledge. The main reasons behind food waste were 'too much food' in the low (20.9%) and moderate (32.2%) groups, and 'no appetite' in the high group (p<0.01). The main types of food waste were rice (44.2%) > fish (18.6%) > vegetables (14.0%) in the low group, rice (54.2%) > Kimchi/vegetables (15.3%) in the moderate group, rice (56.0%) > vegetables (20.0%) > Kimchi (16.0%) in the high group (p<0.01). School food waste was significantly affected by age, gender, monthly allowance, school grade, weight, BMI, regularity of meals, time of meals, type of breakfast, starting age of smoking, and cost for snacking.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 1993

This study reports the relationship between life-style and physical, mental health status in college students. The questionnaire survey was carried out from September to October, 1991. The questionnaire included life-style, physical health condition centered on unhealthy habits and complaints about physical symptoms, and mental condition which was assessed by Zung's self-rating depression scale(SDS). Days absent from school during the last year in males(3.6) were significantly more than those in females (1.0). Days catching the common cold were more in females than in males. The amount of complaints and the SDS score were significantly higher in females than in males. In the relationship between physical and mental health status and individual health habits, abscence-days from school significantly correlated with regular life, snacking, physical exercise, smoking, drinking. The amount of complaints and the SDS score were significantly associated with regular life, regular meal-time, eating breakfast, nutritional balance and physical exercise. In the relationship between health practice index to health status, the group having good habits showed significantly less days catching the common cold, less complaints, less SDS score and less amount of stress. It was also shown that life-style correlated with physical and mental health status.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.352-362
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of obesity stress on the eating behavior of elementary school students. Using a questionnaire, 300 students in the sixth grade from 2 schools in Kyunggi-do were surveyed (Boys: N=145, Girls: N=155). Data analysis was managed by SPSS software (version 13.0). The link between obesity stress and eating habits or behaviors was dependent on physical discomfort. There was also a large group of students experienced irregularity in their meal times during the day. Furthermore, there were significant differences in mealtime among boys under psychic stress caused by obesity. In the case of dairy intake during breakfast, the significant signs of obesity stress for were physical discomfort for boys and psychic stress for the girls. It was found for both boys and girls that more frequent midnight snacking decreased the efforts to overcome obesity stress. Therefore, a professional nutrition program that can educate school children must be implemented both in school and at home. In addition to overweight or obesity children, normal weight and underweight children can also benefit from this program that includes health counseling for weight and eating behaviors.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.702-710
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess the effects of eating habits and health-related lifestyle on blood pressure, $\gamma$-Glutamic acid Peptide Transferase ($\gamma$-GPT), glucose and HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C). All subjects (261 male, 252 female) were from the Iksan area of Korea, and were at least 50 years of age. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and HDL-C for all the subjects was 131.3 mmHg, 78.5 mmHg, and 43.1 mg/dl, respectively. The HDL-C of the $50{\sim}64$ year-old group was higher than that of the over-75-year-old group. The "regular breakfast" group evidenced a lower SBP, $\gamma$-GPT, and higher HDL-C than the "seldom breakfast" group (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.01). SBP in the "snacking everyday" group was higher than that of the "seldom snacking" group (p<0.001). As for the frequency of using alcohol, SBP and $\gamma$-GPT for the group using alcohol everyday were higher than those of the non-drinking group (p<0.001, p<0.001), SBP and DBP were higher and $\gamma$-GPT was lower in the group that regularly drank more than 4 glasses of Soju than in the non-drinking group (p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.001). SBP, DBP, and $\gamma$-GPT for the "heavy smoker" group were higher than those of the non-smoker group (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05). The HDL-C was lower in the "heavy smoker" group than in the "non-smoker" group (p<0.05). The SBP with exercise was as follows: Group 1 ($0.022{\sim}0.073\;kcal/min/kg$) was lower than that of Group 3 ($0.144{\sim}0.161\;kcal/min/kg$) and Group 4 (0.161 kcal/min/kg) (p<0.001). To conclude: advancing age, snacking, and frequent alcohol consumption increased blood pressure; the lowest blood pressure was detected in the group that ate breakfast everyday and in the group that engaged in more frequent exercise; Moreover, $\gamma$-GPT was higher and HDL-C was lower in the smokers' group than in the non-smokers' group. Considering the results of this study, there appears to be an urgent need to instruct aging adults about eating breakfast everyday, reducing smoking, using less or no alcohol, and getting proper and regular exercise.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.280-287
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• 2003

To investigate effects of the shared living on nutrient intakes,250 college male students who were living alone (104 men) or sharing accommodation with friends (134 men) were participated. Their average age was 22.6 years, their average height was 171.8 cm, their average weight was 65.6 kg and their average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.2. The caloric intakes of the men living alone or sharing accommodation were 55.9% and 72.5% of the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), respectively. The decreased caloric level of the group living alone seemed to be due to their decreased protein and fat consumption as compared to that of the group sharing accommodation. The group living alone consumed increased amounts of fiber for breakfast and half the carbohydrates, but more fat (p < 0.05) in snacks than the group sharing accommodation. The daily carbohydrate : protein : fat (C : P : F) ratio averaged 58.6 14.1 27.3, which is a lower carbohydrate and a higher fat ratio than the Korean recommended ratio. However, the group living alone was closer to the Korean recommended ratio than the group sharing accommodation. The food intake habits were evaluated as being poorer in the group living alone as compared to the group sharing accommodation, less frequent consumption of fried / pan-fried dishes, and fruits / juices, but more frequent consumption of instant / processed foods. In comparing the eating patterns of the two groups, the group living alone showed better eating habits, such as more“breakfast eating”and less“snacking in the morning, afternoon or late at night”whereas the group sharing accommodation showed better eating habits such as less“picky eaters”and less “eating out”. In the group living alone, their lower caloric intake was assumably due to their fewer side dishes, however they showed higher eating frequencies of instant i processed foods. Since the lifestyle of living alone seems to grow gradually among young men, we strongly recommend dietary education for them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 2001

This study investigates the effect of adolescent dining habits on their physical development. We selected 200 students from the three high schools in Taejon, and surveyed with a questionnaire and collected data concerning physique from school health records. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. A point of intersection of two development trends of male and female students' heights was between sixth grade of elementary school and first grade of middle school. Two development trends of weights didn't have a point of intersection and male students' development trend of weights was a little higher than that of female students. 2. There were significant differences in the weight and BMI of male students. The 'regular dining' group had heavier weight and higher BMI than the other group, and the 'Eating only favorite food' group had lower weight and BMI than the other group. In female, heights of 'three meals a day' group were higher than that of 'two meals a day' group and the more snacks per day, the higher students' height was. 3. The 'regular exercise' group had significantly heavier weight and higher BMI than the other group amount females. 4. 'Regular dining' and 'Eating habits' had a positive linear relationship with male students' weight and BMI. 'Number of times of snacking' has a positive linear relationships with female students' height and a negative linear relationship with female students' BMI. Since dining habits of adolescents have not only an effect on their development but also later adults' health, to develop good habits of health and dining is a critical issue.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2001

Management of nutrient intakes through behavior-mordification can be important for improving exercise performance in athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of nutritional counseling for improving exercise performance capability in athletes. The subjects were seven golfers and fourteen ju-do athletes from Hoseo university, and they have nor received professional hel[ from dieticians. Prior to nutritional counseling, their dietary intakes, lifestyles and dietary habits were evaluated. Nutritional counseling sessions were conducted by a trained dietician every 2-3 weeks for 3-4 month. After 5 counseling sessions, nutrient intakes, lifestyle and dietary habits were re-evaluated. Exercise performance capability was measured by maximal exercise stress test using treadmills. Individual data were assessed as quality index represents the better nutritional status. The common dietary and lifestyle problems were overeating binging, overeating, snacking and drinking alcohol prior to the nutritional counseling. After counseling sessions, the quality index of dietary habits seemed to decrease, especially in ju-do athletes, representing nutritional problems were resolved. Body fat and body mass index decreased in ju-do athletes, but not in golfers. Both athletes have shown to increase oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold and maximal oxygen uptake status, which represents that the athletic performance capacity was improved after counseling sessions. Their respiratory quotients were decreased. In conclusion, nutritional counseling sessions over five times are an effective and efficient approach to change dietary habits to improve exercise performance capacity. Furthermore, clients can have good dietary habits and learn how to manago muscle strength by behavior modification through multiple nutritional counseling sessions. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1):79-88, 2001)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.132-148
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the current mean daily intake of 10 food groups, analyze the sociodemographic factors associated with food consumption, and determine the associations between food consumption/dietary intake and the prevalence rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and hypertension (HTN) in Jakarta, Indonesia. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 600 participants aged 20-85 yrs were included in this cross-sectional study. Food consumption and dietary habits were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. To determine the association between food consumption/dietary habits and the abovementioned diseases, logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: The average vegetable and fruit intake was lower, while sugar and salt consumption were higher than that recommended by Indonesia's national dietary guidelines. A high intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) was associated with young age, men, "single" status, a high education level, and employment with a high monthly income. Obesity and T2D were positively correlated with high intakes of cereals and tubers, UPFs, sugars, fats, and oils. Conversely, an inverse association was found between legume, vegetable, and fruit consumption and obesity risk. An inverse correlation was also observed between vegetable consumption and T2D risk. Moreover, a high salt intake was inversely correlated with fruit consumption in terms of HTN risk. Non-indulgence in habitual late-night snacking and refrainment from consuming more than one dish at each meal were also negatively related to the prevalence of obesity, T2D, and HTN. Inverse correlations were also observed between the prevalence rates of T2D and HTN and abstaining from adding sugar to beverages. CONCLUSION: Foods high in fat, sugar, and sodium were strongly associated with the risks of obesity, T2D, and HTN. Additionally, poor eating habits were also associated with disease development.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.547-559
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• 2021

Purpose: This study compares the snacking pattern, diet, lifestyle, and food preference of children by evaluating the most frequently eaten snacks. Methods: The survey enrolled 435 students from three elementary schools in Gyeonggi. Based on the most frequently eaten snacks, the subjects were divided into 3 groups: fruits and milk/dairy products for natural snacks (NS, n = 114); noodles, snack foods and fast foods for meal-like snacks (MS, n = 74); cookies, beverages and bread as sweet snacks (SS, n = 247). Results: Compared to the MS group, preferences of the NS group were significantly higher for jabgokbap (cooked rice with multi-grains, p < 0.05) and saengchae (seasoned raw vegetables, p < 0.01), and significantly lower for gogitwigim (deep-fried meat, p < 0.05). Taste preference of the NS group was considered to be more desirable; the taste preference of more subjects was 'sweet taste' in the SS group, 'spicy taste' in the MS group, 'salty taste' in the MS and SS groups, and 'sour taste' and 'bland taste' in the NS group than the other groups. Compared to the MS and SS groups, the NS group was determined to exercise more frequently; exercising for more than 30 minutes/day was determined to be 76.3% in the NS group and 58.1% and 57.9% in the other groups (p < 0.01). Moreover, a higher proportion of subjects in the MS group tended to answer 'not hungry' as the reason for leaving school meals, as compared to other groups (p = 0.055), thereby suggesting that inappropriate snacking habits interfere with regular meals. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that healthy snacking habits, which include natural snacks such as milk/dairy products and fruits, are important for children during the elementary school years, since these habits are associated with healthier diet, lifestyle, and food and taste preferences. These results provide basic information for developing nutritional education materials for elementary school children.