• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2005

There are several characteristics of the nose of orientals. The dorsum of nose is flat and low, the skin is thick with severe tension, the nasal tip is bulbous, the nostril is wide, and the projection of the nose is limited due to a poorly developed alar cartilage with a short columella. In order to improve these untoward characteristics of the nose of Orientals aesthetically, plain augmentation of the dorsum and tip-plasty with conventional methods has been performed by many plastic surgeons. However these conventional rhinoplasty is not enough to obtain satisfactory results when transforming into a more beautiful and aesthetically charming appearance. In order to produce the optimal nasal shape and profile, it is extremely important to consider the aesthetic surgical factors, which are; the position of the nasion, the optimal nasolabial angle(95-100 degree in Orientals), the natural exposure of infra-tip lobule with and columella, the position of the tip defining point in harmony with the dorsal profile and the smooth and natural silhouette of the lateral nasal profile as it descends into the inferior portion of the nose. From April, 2003 to August, 2004, a total of 52 patients underwent open rhinoplasty, adhering to the strict aesthetic principles considered and described priorly. Surgical approach was done through a transcolumella incision and an alar rim incision. The nasal dorsum was augmented with a silicone implant and the shape of the columella and the nasolabial angle were finessed with a silicone strut implant which was placed in between the medial crurae in a manner of a non-visible graft. The nasal tip was corrected by alar cartilage suture technique and onlay graft of shield shaped Alloderm and Gore-Tex. Author obtained the optimal nasal shape and profile aesthetically, and the results, considered satisfactory in all patients without any complications, are as follows; 1. the average increase in nasal length was 2.5 mm, 2. the average decrease in nasal width was 2.1 mm, 3. the average increase in nasal tip projection was 3.2 mm, 4. the changes of nasolabial angles were from 85.5 degree to 94.7 degree, 5. the changes of the angle between the long axis of the external naris was from 101.3 degree to 89.5 degree. In conclusion, this surgical procedure is an effective, reliable and a valuable method in improving the nasal shape, tip projection, nasolabial angle and especially, the lateral facial profile of Orientals aesthetically.

• ALGAE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2018

Members of the family Parviluciferaceae (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa) are the well-known dinoflagellate parasitoids along with Amoebophrya ceratii species complex and parasitic chytrid Dinomyces arenysensis and contain six species across three genera (i.e., Parvilucifera infectans, P. sinerae, P. rostrata, and P. corolla, Dinovorax pyriformis, and Snorkelia prorocentri) so far. Among Parvilucifera species, the two species, P. infectans and P. sinerae, are very similar or almost identical each other morphologically and genetically, thereby make it difficult to distinguish between the two. The only main difference between the two species known so far is the number of sporangium wall (i.e., 2 layers in P. infectans vs. 3 layers in P. sinerae). During sampling in Masan bay, Korea during the spring season of 2015, the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea cells infected by the parasite Parvilucifera were observed and this host-parasite system was established in culture. Using this culture, its morphological and ultrastructural features with special emphasis on the variation in the number of sporangium wall over developmental times, were investigated. In addition, the sequences of rDNA regions and ${\beta}-tubulin$ genes were determined. The result clearly demonstrated that the trophocyte at 36 h was covered with 4 layers, and then outer layer of the sporocyte gradually degraded over time, resulting in wall structure consisting of two layers, with even processes being detached from 7-day-old sporangium with smooth surface, indicating that the difference in the number of layers seems not to be an appropriate ultrastructural character for distinguishing P. infectans and P. sinerae. While pairwise comparison of the large subunit rDNA sequences showed 100% identity among P. infectans / P. sinerae species complex, genetic differences were found in the small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences but the differences were relatively small (11-13 nucleotides) compared with those (190-272 nucleotides) found among the rest of Parvilucifera species (P. rostrata and P. corolla). Those small differences in SSU rDNA sequences of P. infectans / P. sinerae species complex may reflect the variations within inter- strains of the same species from different geographical areas. Taken together, all morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular data from the present study suggest that they are the same species.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.406-412
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• 2011

Background: Development of thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections (TAAD) is attributed to unbearable wall tension superimposed on defective aortic wall integrity and impaired aortic repair mechanisms. Central to this repair mechanisms are well-balanced and adequately functional cellular components of the aortic wall, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), inflammatory cells, and adventitial fibroblasts. Adventitial fibroblasts naturally produce aortic extracellular matrix (ECM), and, when aortic wall is injured, they can be transformed into SMCs, which in turn are involved in aortic remodeling. We postulated the hypothesis that adventitial fibroblasts in patients with TAAD may have defects in ECM production and SMC transformation. Materials and Methods: Adventitial fibroblasts were procured from the adventitial layer of fresh aortic tissues of patients with TAAD (Group I) and of multi-organ donors (Group II), and 4-passage cell culture was performed prior to the experiment. To assess ECM production, cells were treated with TNF-${\alpha}$ (50 pM) and the expression of MMP-2/MMP-3 was analyzed using western blot technique. To assess SMC transformation capacity, cells were treated with TGF-${\beta}1$ and expression of SM ${\alpha}$-actin, SM-MHC, Ki-67 and SM calponin was evaluated using western blot technique. Fibroblasts were then treated with TGF-${\beta}1$ (10 pM) for up to 10 days with TGF-${\beta}1$ supplementation every 2 days, and the proportion of transformed SMC in the cell line was measured using immunofluorescence assay for fibroblast surface antigen every 2 days. Results: MMP-3 expression was significantly lower in group I than in group II. TGF-${\beta}1$-stimulated adventitial fibroblasts in group I expressed less SM ${\alpha}$-actin, SM-MHC, and Ki-67 than in group II. SM-calponin expression was not different between the two groups. Presence of fibroblast was observed on immunofluorescence assay after more than 6 days of TGF-${\beta}1$ treatment in group I, while most fibroblasts were transformed to SMC within 4 days in group II. Conclusion: ECM production and SMC transformation are compromised in adventitial fibroblasts from patients with TAAD. This result suggests that functional restoration of adventitial fibroblasts could well be a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of TAAD.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.195-200
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• 1998

We have investigated the crystal structure and electrical properties of Pt/SBT/$CeO_2$/Si(MFIS) and Pt/SBT/Si(MFS) structures for the gate oxide of ferroelectric memory. XRD spectra and SEM showed that the SBT film of SBT/$CeO_2$/Si structure had larger grain than that of SBT/Si structure. Furthermore HRTEM showed that SBT/$CeO_2$/Si had 5 nm thick $SiO_2$layer and very smooth interface but SBT/Si had 6nm thick $SiO_2$layer and 7nm thick amorphous intermediate interface. Therefore, $CeO_2$film between SBT film and Si substrate is confirmed as a good candidate for a diffusion barrier. The remanent polarization decreased and coercive voltage increased in Pt/SBT/$CeO_2/Pt/SiO_2$/Si structure. This effect may increase memory window of MFIS structure directly related to the coercive voltage. From the capacitance-voltage characteristics, the memory of Pt/SBT(140 nm)/$CeO_2$(25 nm)/Si structure were in the range of 1~2 V at the applied voltage of 4~6 V. The memory window increased with the thickness of SBT film. These results may be due to voltage applied at SBT films. The leakage currents of Pt/SBT/$CeO_2$/Si and Pt/SBT/Si were $ 10^8A/\textrm{cm}^2$ and $ 10^6 A/\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2003

A 150 kV gas cluster ion accelerator was constructed and the cluster sizes of $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ gases were measured using time-of-flight mast spectrometry. Through isolated cluster ion impact on a HOPG, hillock with 1 nm height and a few tenth m in diameter were found to be formed by an atomic force microscope. When monomer ion beams were irradiated on the hillocks existed on a ITO surface, they became sharper and the surface became rougher. But they changed into round-shaped ones by cluster ion irradiation and the surface became smooth after the irradiation of $5\times10^{-14}\textrm{cm}^2$ at 25 kV. As the cluster ion dose was varied, the change of surface morphology and roughness of Si was examined. At the lower dose, the density of hillocks and surface roughness were increased, called surface embossment process. And then after the critical dose at which the area of the formed hillocks equals to the unirradiated area, the sputtering from the hillocks was predominantly evolved, and dislocated atoms were diffused and filled among the valleys, called surface sputtering and smoothing process. At the higher ion dose, the surface consisting of loosely bounded atoms was effectively sputtered into the depth and etching phenomenon was happened, called surface etching process.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.126-133
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• 2015

Ten types of farm-made brewing vinegars were collected and four high acetic acid-producing strains (CV1, CV3, CV5, and CV6) were isolated. Among them strain CV1, exhibiting highly alcohol-resistant and acetic acid-producing properties, was selected and its taxonomic properties were investigated by phenotypic (particularly chemotaxonomic) characterization and phylogenetic inference based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. On SM broth agar, cells of strain CV1 were gram-stainingnegative and formed pale white colonies with smooth to rough surfaces. Strain CV1 produced acetate from ethanol and was resistant to up to 8% (v/v) ethanol in LM broth. Strain CV1 had a G+C content of 61.0 mol%, contained meso-DAP as the cell wall amino acid, and possessed Q-10 as the major ubiquinone. A comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CV1 was most closely related to Gluconacetobacter saccharivorans (≥99.0% identity). In liquid media, the optimum growth conditions for acetic acid production were 30℃ and pH >3.0 and strain CV1 produced 9.3% and 8.4% acetic acids from 10% and 9% alcohol concentrations, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2015

An agarolytic marine bacterium (H9) was isolated from the coastal seawater of the West Sea, South Korea. The isolate, H9, was gram-negative and rod-shaped with a smooth surface and polar flagellum. Cells grew at 20-30℃, between pH 5.0 and 9.0, and in ASW-YP (Artificial Sea Water-Yeast extract, Peptone) media containing 1-5% (w/v) NaCl. The G+C content was 41.56 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone in strain H9 was ubiquinone-8. The major fatty acids (>10%) were C_16:1ω7c (34.3%), C_16:0 (23.72%), and C_18:1ω7c (13.64%). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and biochemical and chemotaxonomic characterization, the strain was designated as Pseudoalteromonas sp. H9 (=KCTC23887). In liquid culture supplemented with 0.2% agar, the cell density and agarase activity reached a maximum level of OD = 4.32 (48 h) and OD = 3.87 (24 h), respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for the extracellular crude agarases of H9 were 7.0 and 40℃, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of the agarase hydrolysis products revealed that the crude agarases hydrolyze agarose into neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose. Therefore, the new agar-degrading strain, H9, can be applicable for the production of valuable neoagarooligosaccharides and for the complete degradation of agar in bio-industries.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 1998

In electric commuter trains using AC motors, lots of GTO thyristors and diodes are needed for power controls. These semiconductors generate heat about 1~2 kW, and for cooling which perfluorocarbon(PFC) heat pipes have been in use for the last two decades. The present study was investigated on the effects of such important design parameters as structure of internal surface (grooved or smooth), fill charge ratio, and inclinating angle from a vertical on heat transfer coefficients at both evaporators and condensers. To obtain experimental data, several heat pipes of the same geometry of 520 mm long and diameter of 15.88 mm but different in fill charge ratio and internal surface structure were designed and fabricated. For prediction of the heat transfer coefficients, related expressions were examined and the results of calculations were compared with experimental data. Performance tests were conducted while heat pipes operated at mode of thermosyphons. High enhancements of heat transfer coefficient were obtained internal grooves. In these cases, the evaporating heat transfer coefficients distributed in the range of 2~5.5 kW/$m^2$K, with an increase of heat flux from 15~45 kW/$m^2$. These experimental data were in good agreement with Rohsenow's expression based on nucleate boiling when correction factor $C_R$=1.3 was encountered. In addition, the condensation heat transfer coefficients were distributed from 1.5 to 3.5 kW/$m^2$K, and the data were in good agreements with Nusselt's correlation, based on filmwise condensation on vertical plate, when choosing a correction factor $C_N=4$. A fill charge ratio of 40~100% were recommended, and the in clination angle effects were negligible when the angle was higher then 30$^{\circ}$.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.489-500
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• 2017

It is not rare that pseudotachylite, dark colored rock with glassy texture, is recognizable in deep core samples drilled up to 900 m from the surface. Pseudotachylite with widths varying few to 20 cm is sharply contacted or interlayered with the host rocks composed of Jurassic granite and Precambrian amphibolite gneiss, showing moderately ductile deformation or slight folding. Pseudotachylite occurring at varying depths in the deep drill core are slightly different in texture and thickness. There is evidence of fault gouge at shallower depths, although brittle deformation is pervasive in most drill cores and pseudotachylite is identified at random depth intervals. Under scanning electron microscope (SEM), it is evident that the surface of pseudotachylite is characterized by a smooth, glassy matrix even at micrometer scale and there is little residual fragments in the glass matrix except microcrystals of quartz with embayed shape. Such textural evidence strongly supports the idea that the pseudotachylite was generated through the friction melting related to strong seismic events. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) quantitative analysis, it consists of primary minerals such as quartz, feldspars, biotite, amphibole and secondary minerals including clay minerals, calcite and glassy materials. Such mineralogical features of fractured materials including pseudotachylite indicate that the fractured zone might form at low temperatures possibly below $300^{\circ}C$, which implies that the seismic activity related to the formation of pseudotachylite took place at shallow depths, possibly at most 10 km. Identification and characterization of pseudotachylite provide insight into a better understanding of the paleoseismic activity of deep grounds and fundamental information on the stability of candidate disposal sites for high-level radioactive waste.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.56-76
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• 1993

To investigate the histogenesis of tracheal epithelium in Sprague-Dawley strain rat, the author has used the fetal rats at the 16th, 18th, 20th and 22nd prenatal day and neonatal rats at the 1st and 7th day as well as rats at age of 5, 10 and 15 weeks after birth as experimental animals. Specimens were double stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate for electron microscopic study. The results obtained were as follows; 1. At the 16th day of gestational age, ciliated cells were found in tracheal epithelium and light and dark ciliated cells possessing numerous mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm at the 22nd day of gestational age of the rat are observed. 2. At the 16th day of gestataional age, basal cells lying upon the basement membrane and having large numbers of glycogen particles in the cytoplasm, were found and at the 22nd day of gestational age, basal cells possessing numerous polysomes in the cytoplasm were observed. 3. At the 20th gestational age of the rat, microvillous cells possessing many rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria as well as microvilli protruding into the lumen were found in tracheal epithelium. 4. At the 5th week after birth brush cell having profound filamentous strands and many pinocytic vesicles in the cytoplasm, was visible in the tracheal epithelium. 5. At the 15th week after birth large proportions of tracheal epithelium were lined with ciliated cells. Cosequently it is suggested that pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium was differentiated at the 16th day of gestational age, in addition cytoplasmic organelles of the microvillous and basal cells were matured at the 20th and 22nd gestational age, respectively and most of the part of the tracheal epithelium was lined with ciliated cells at the 15th week after birth.