• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.116-130
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• 2011

Ethnic fashion and makeup were studied. 264 fashion designs from pret-$\`{a}$-porter collections in Milan and New York from 2001 S/S to 2005 F/W were analyzed. The major conclusions of the study are as the following: 1. The major types of ethnic fashion and makeup were Africa. American Indian. Japan, India. China and Inca. Makeup types expressed in ethnic fashion were soft smoky, smoky, retro, nature, avant-garde, eastern. 2. Makeup types expressed in ethnic fashion were used for the image for the designer's collections rather than ethnic features. Soft smoky and smoky makeup types were more used than others. 3. Soft smoky makeup types were more expressed in S/S seasons than in F/W seasons. In F/W seasons soft smoky and smoky makeup types were more expressed than other types. 4. Soft smoky and smoky makeup types were more expressed than others in Milan and New York collections commonly. 5. To emphasize the ethnic image for ethnic fashion, ethnic makeup arts like China, Japan, India, Africa, American Indian, Inca makeup arts and soft smoky, smoky makeup arts were represented.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.321-330
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• 2011

Images of smoky make up illustrations with different the brightness tones for typical Korean eyes (standard one, small single eyelid and tailed up style) were systematically analyzed using vision-based emotional descriptive language for students majoring makeup and professional group. We identified that various images could be expressed by changing smoky makeup tones on eyes types through analysis of the emotional descriptive language. The smoky make up image recognition of smoky make up illustrations was almost consistent between the students and the professional group, but there was the distinct difference of image perception by two groups for some smoky make up illustrations due to the generation gap as well as their make up expertise and techniques. We suggested the image positioning maps which expressed the emotional reaction felt according to eyes shapes and smoky make up tones. The positioning maps were to provide criteria for various images to be able to express by smoky make up.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 2013

This study aims to discuss the image making of K-pop girl groups to provide an outlook on the necessary fashion components in order to express certain concepts by analyzing the fashion styles. The fashion styles of the representative girl groups from 2007 to 2011 were classified into five types: retro style, schoolgirl style, chic style, sporty style and marine style. The following are the features and elements of image making by style. The retro style pursued going back to the past. It used stripes, dots, leopard patterns, spangles and denim. It reproduced the style of the past to the trendy style using big sunglasses, retro makeup, girlish hair and gold wigs. The schoolgirl style created the sexy or cute image by using school uniforms as the motif including shirts, short pants and knee socks. It included having natural makeup and straight hair and differentiated colors, patterns and designs. The chic style was classified into rock chic look and sexy look. Both looks had common elements including smoky pop active makeup while the fashion concepts and hair styles were different. The sporty style took the concept of cheer girls. It used plaid shirts, baseball jackets, short pants, thigh high boots, vivid hair accessories, romantic makeup and straight, wave hair. The marine style took the naval uniform as the motif. It expressed the image using short pants, stripe patterns, wappens, naval caps and smoky sexy makeup, straight hair. K-pop girl group fashion is the driving force for the growth of Korean fashion industry as well as its cultural trends and hope that it have a growing influence on the global market and trend through continuing research and support.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.60-76
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• 2009

Expression of woman characters in fusion traditional dramas plays a role of making the progress of dramas not bigoted and new. Especially, woman characters have a high weight as a heroine by an increase in their image in fusion traditional dramas. Expression of characters harmonizing modern with tradition has also given a help in reflecting a trend of the present times. Hair style and face makeup of woman characters in fusion traditional dramas are in the process of fusionization getting an effect from postmodernism. They are expressing the hair style of symbolization modern elements of hair style to traditional hair styles. They also expressed a neutral image with faded hair styles in the shaggy cut style and dye of neoplaticism. Neo-hippie style was changed into the style of naturalism and nationalism and the hair style braided in various branches as the one of Indians was changed into a primitive and national feature. It is producing a new style by permitting even a long-hair permanent wave hair style. Expression of straight hair style, a long-hair shaggy & bulging wave style and a hair style of neoplaticism, was distinguished. In the side of face makeup, they expressed its luxurious and splendid style by attaching great importance to its luster and are exposing images of characters by a smoky makeup emphasizing eye lines. Their face makeup was almost never separated from present dramas as using pearl shadow in a glossy lips makeup and color, which made it possible to express it more dramatically in fusion traditional dramas than in present dramas. In the event of the makeup element of fusion traditional dramas permitting diversity, the character makeup of fusion traditional dramas made a foundation to show people diverse elements of makeup by mix & match a present elements and past elements of historical research, which made it possible to express a unique makeup or a special makeup. Diverse makeup expressions were limited by reflection of illumination even in the existing videos. Therefore, 'Fusion' made it possible to express it more freely in fusion traditional dramas than in present dramas.