• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.64-70
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the raise of cigarette prices by KRW 2,000 at the beginning of 2015 on the change in smoking behavior among male office workers, and to analyze the correlation of various factors including their work behaviors and socio-economic factors with their smoking rate. Methods: In this research, a follow-up observation panel was constituted with 420 smokers as targets from among male office workers at a bank located in Daegu, South Korea. A cross-analysis and ANOVA analysis were carried out in order to examine whether changes in smoking status, amount of smoking, stop-smoking motivation, and reasons for smoking cessation failure after the passage of time since the cigarette price hike were statistically significant. The level of statistical significance was P < 0.05. Results: After the cigarette price hike, among the 420 smokers who were the target of the panel the rate of smoking cessation declined at the time-point of the survey to 15.5%, 12.4%, 8.5%, and 5.7% after one month, three months, six months, and 12 months, respectively. As a result of a follow-up observation of 65 smokers who stopped smoking immediately after the price hike, the actual non-smoking rate declined to 15.5%, 8.3%, 4.4%, and 3.1% after one month, three months, six months, and 12 months, respectively. One (1) year after the cigarette price hike, the non-smoking rate among the 420 smokers reached as low as 3.1% (13 persons). The most important reason for the failure of the attempts to quit smoking was stress for more than 60% of the smokers who attempted to stop. Conclusions: It seems that a powerful anti-smoking policy by the state targeting the nation's workers is necessary. For companies, mediation for workers' job stress can become a strategy for the success of non-smoking attempts. The government seems to require a practical policy to reduce the smoking rate by actively carrying out social, economic, and scientific research to come up with a reduction method for the cigarette hazard, an effective price hike policy, and other non-price policies.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.697-707
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 대도시 일부 사무직 근로자를 대상으로 흡연에 관한 설문조사를 통해 흡연률, 과거흡연률, 가격변동시 예상흡연률과 그에 따른 흡연의 귀속 사망수 감소 기대수를 조사, 분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 대도시 지역 남성 사무직 근로자의 흡연률은 59.5%였고 과거흡연률은 28.8%였으며, 과거흡연자를 제외하고 흡연률을 산출할 경우 흡연률은 67.4%였다. 2. 남성흡연자중 담배의 가격과 무관하게 금연할 의사가 있다고 응답한 사람의 분율은 55.3%였고, 담배의 가격이 4배 이상 인상될 경우 금연하겠다고 응답한 사람의 분율은 61.5%로서 반수 이상의 흡연자가 금연하겠다는 의사를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 남성 흡연자의 흡연시작연령은 반수 이상(62.3%) 만 20세 미만으로, 미성년자 시기에 흡연을 시작하는 경우가 많았다. 4. 담배의 가격인상폭을 크게 할수록 금연 의사가 있는 사람의 비율이 늘어서, 4배이상 가격을 인상할 경우 예상 흡연률이 26.7%였다. 매년 20%씩 담배의 가격이 오를 경우 예상 흡연률은 46.2%였다. 5. 남성을 대상으로 흡연과 관련이 깊은 주요 8개 질환군(폐암, 위암, 췌장암, 후두암, 식도암, 뇌혈관질환, 허헐성심질환, 만성폐쇄성폐질환)의 귀속위험을 추산한 결과 매년 25,863명이 흡연에 기인해서 사망하는 것으로 추산되었다. 이는 20세 이상 총 남성 사인 분류가능 사망수 128,875명의 20.1%이다. 6. 담배의 가격인상시 기대되는 흡연률을 적용하여 계산한 결과 담뱃값을 4배 이상 올렸을 때 금연 실천률을 100%로 가정했을 때 귀속위험은 13,527명으로서 매년 홉연으로 인한 사망의 47.7%인 12,336명의 사망을 줄일 수 있는 것으로 추산되었다. 7. 담배의 가격인상시 금연하도록 동기부여가 되는 사람중에서 실제로 금연하는 사람의 비율을 10%, 25%, 50%로 가정했을 때, 기대 사망수 감소는 가격을 4배 이상 인상했을 때 각각 1,112명, 3,483명, 5,796명 이었다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2017

Objective: Seoul City has implemented the Safe Pharmacy in 2013. This study aimed to ascertain the success factors of the smoking cessation service of the Safe Pharmacy. Methods: The data for the smoking cessation registration cards were obtained from the pharmacies which participated in 2014 Safe Pharmacy. The sample included 289 smokers in 6 districts who participated at least one sessions of smoking cessation service. the service included both behavioral intervention and nicotine replacement therapy. In order to identify the effectiveness of the smoking cessation service, logistic regression analysis was used. The dependent variable was the success of quitting smoking at the 4th week. The independent variables included age, sex, employment, chronic disease, district, smoking amount, registration path, supporters for quitting smoking and number of service sessions. Results: Fifty eight point eight percent of the sample successfully quit smoking at the 4th week. Unemployment, higher smoking amount, and less service sessions were negatively related to the success of quitting smoking. There were differences in the success rate across districts. Age, sex, chronic disease, registration path, and anti-smoking supporters were not related to the success rate. Conclusion: Pharmacy can be an effective community resource for smoking cessation. Factors that could increase the effectiveness of smoking cessation service of the Safe Pharmacy and possible ways to enhance the participation of pharmacies in smoking cessation services were also discussed.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate factors related to the recogniton and behavioral intention for smoking cessation programs. Five effective smoking cessation programs were considered： acupuncture, nicotine patch, clinic program, mass education, and alliance programs. To explain the health behavior for smoking and smoking cessation programs, a five-stage behavioral intention model was built, and 500 questionnaires were completed through a telephone survey. Stages of the model included recogniton of the programs, past experiences, present smoking status, intention for smoking, and behavioral intention for smoking cessation programs. The results showed that the recogniton rate of the programs were low in general, therefore strategies of education, public relations, and advertisement need to be pursued. Nicotine dependency resulted in the fact that success rates were low although trial rates of smoking cessation were high among smokers. The necessity for smoking cessation programs was suggested. And the significant factors related to the intention for smoking cessation were individual attitude and reluctancy to pay time and money. Others' attitude was insignificant to subjects' smoking cessation. Purchase rates for nicotine patches were 11.3％ for male and 27.3％ for female, those for acupunture were 7.6％ for male and 10.0％ for female. There were very low purchase rates for clinic, mass education, and alliance programs. In conclusion, evidence-based and effective smoking cessation programs need to be promoted by medical doctors. Strategies in education, public relations, and advertisement also need development. In addition, continuing legal and systematic support for smoking cessation would lower the smoking rate and ultimately contribute to the nation's health.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.293-297
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• 2009

Objectives : To evaluate the impact of the workplace smoking ban in South Korea, where the male smoking rate is high (57%), on smoking behavior and secondhand smoke exposure. Methods : A workplace smoking ban legislation implemented in April 2003 requires offices, meeting rooms, and lobbies located in larger than 3,000 square meter buildings (or 2,000 square meter multipurpose buildings) should be smoke free. A representative cross-sectional survey, the third wave (2005) of health supplements in the National Health Nutrition Survey of South Korea, was used to measure the impact of the 2003 workplace smoking ban implementation on smoking behavior. It contained 3,122 observations of adults 20 to 65 years old (excluding selfemployed and non-working populations). A multivariate statistical model was used. The self-reported workplace smoking ban policy (full workplace ban, partial workplace ban, and no workplace ban) was used as the key measure. Results : A full workplace smoking ban reduced the current smoking rate by 6.4 percentage points among all workers and also decreased the average daily consumption among smokers by 3.7 cigarettes relative to no smoking ban. Secondhand smoke showed a dramatic decrease of 86 percent (= -1.74/2.03)from the sample mean for full workplace ban. However, public anti-smoking campaign did not show any significant impact on smoking behavior. Conclusions : The full workplace ban policy is effective in South Korea. Male group showed bigger impact of smoking ban policy than female group. The public antismoking campaign did not show any effectiveness.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.677-692
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• 1998

In order to study the effects of cigarette smoking on periodontal tissue, gingival fibroblast from the smoking and nonsmoking groups were cultured and each group were treated with nicotine(50ng/ml,100ng/ml) and NNK(50ng/ml, 100ng/ml) to test their attachment ability at time intervals of 30minutes, 60minutes, 90minutes, 120minutes, and 240minutes. Using the same method, the growth each group treated with nicotine and NNK in order to compare their attachment ability and growth rate was done. The Results are as follows. 1. In comparing the attachment ability and growth rate between the smoking and non-smoking group were significantly higher in all time intervals. 2. When the attachment ability was com-pared among these two groups after treatment with nicotine and NNK, the non-smoking group showed decrease in attachment ability while the smoking group was not affected. 3. The growth rate of these two groups were compared after treating with nicotine and NNK. The growth rate of fibroblast from the non-smoking group decreased while fibroblast from the smoking group was not affected. These results suggest that fibroblast from the non-smoking group showed higher attachment ability, growth rate, and sensitivity to nicotine and NNK. This implies that fibroblast from the non-smoking group is a more reliable source in testing the cytotoxicity of nicotine and NNK. Also it could be reasonable to think that nicotine and NNK is a probable cause for problems in attachment and repair mechanism.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.199-210
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• 2020

Background: Based on the importance of ceasing smoking programs to control the regional disparity of smoking behavior in Korea, this study aims to reveal the variation of smoke rate and determinants of it for 229 provinces. An evaluation of the relative efficiency of the cease smoking program under the consideration of regional characteristics was followed. Methods: The main sources of data are the Korean Statistical Information Service and a national survey on the expenditure of public health centers. Multivariate regression is performed to figure the determinants of regional variation of smoking rate. Based on the result of the regression model, clustering analysis was conducted to group 229 regions by their characteristics. Three clusters were generated. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA), relative efficiency scores are calculated. Results from the pooled model which put 229 provinces in one model to score relative efficiency were compared with the cluster-separated model of each cluster. Results: First, the maximum variation of the smoking rate was 16.9%p. Second, sex ration, the proportion of the elder, and high risk drinking alcohol behavior have a significant role in the regional variation of smoking. Third, the population and proportion of the elder are the main variables for clustering. Fourth, dissimilarity on the results of relative efficiency was found between the pooled model and cluster-separated model, especially for cluster 2. Conclusion: This study figured regional variation of smoking rate and its determinants on the regional level. Unconformity of the DEA results between different models implies the issues on regional features when the regional evaluation performed especially on the programs of public health centers.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.917-924
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• 2010

Objectives : The objective of this research was to investigate the smoking state of students in Y university, located in Youngdong-gun, Choungbuk. Methods : This research was conducted toward 311 number of students in the university. The questionnaire basically consists of the status of smoking, the behavior of smoker and non-smoker. Results : 58.2% of the male respondents were current smoker, but 72.4% of the females were non-smoker. 58.2% of the current smokers were 22 to 25 aged group. The highest rate of time to begin with smoking was in 15 to 18 years old and the most of people consumed 11 to 20 pieces of cigarettes per day. 48.9% of the students have an experience to keep no smoking more than one month. There were reverse correlation(r=-.335) between the status of smoking and sex, and positive correlation(r=.264) between the status of smoking and an age. Of the people experiencing non-smoking, 55.3% were smoking 'everyday' and 44.7% were 'sometimes'. The biggest part of the reason why stopped smoking was for 'the advices of other people'(25.5%), and 'Harm to health' and 'Social atmosphere of non-smoking'(21.3%) were following. Conclusions : In the university students, current smokers among male students were still high smoking rate. Therefore Dental Hygiene students in the same University have to provide the quit smoking education and oral health care methods for current smokers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify any influence of socioeconomic status on smoking and smoking cessation in a situation where genetic factors are controlled. Methods: The sample for this study was 2502 members of the twins and families cohort who participated in the Korean Healthy Twins Study from 2005 to 2009. Groups of brothers or sisters, including twins and fraternal twins, were compared in terms of smoking and smoking cessation behaviors according to differences in socioeconomic status and gender. Results: In a situation with complete control of genetic factors, results showed that the daily smoking amount, cumulative smoking amount, and dependence on nicotine decreased with higher-status occupations, and the rate of smoking and amount of cumulative smoking decreased with higher levels of education. Regarding smoking cessation behavior, a higher level of education was associated with a lower smoking cessation rate, and no significant gender differences were found. Conclusions: Environmental factors had a stronger influence on smoking behavior than did genetic factors. Genetic factors had greater influence on smoking cessation than did environmental factors; however, this requires verification in further studies.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 1990

This study aims to find out the prevalence of smoking, and to analyze the effect of smoking for health status, and then to emphasize the necessity of stop smoking. The data used in this study are obtained from periodic health care programe at Health Care Center in a suburban hospital, and selected 435 males who have occupation. The independent varibles chosen for the analysis are general charactersitic variables and smoking habit. The dependent variables are designed to cover the health status of individual cases, and include blood pressure, blood cholesterol level with HDL-cholesterol and blood triglyceride level, recent symptoms and recently being managed diseases. The result of this study are summarized as follows. 1) Percentage of smoker by the age groups is highest in 4th decade, being 71.1%. The second and third ranks are 6th and 7th decades, being 53.5% and 44.4%, respectively. 2) In the view of socio-economic levels, smoking rate is higher in the groups who live at rural area and whoes occupation is labor or merchant. Smoking rate is significantly higher in the heavy drinking group. 3) Among the atherosclerotic risk factors, which include hypertension, HDL-cholesterol by total cholesterol ratio lower than 0.2 and triglyceride level higher than 200gm/dl, hypertension was not statistically associated with smoking, but others revealed statistically high association with smoking. 4) The groups who have the symptoms of severe fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, palpitation and chest tightness havepositive association with smoking. 5) The groups who have hypertension with cardiovascular diseases and gastrointestinal diseases showed highly significant association with non-smoking. 6) In relation of the smoking habit to the atherosclerotic risk factor index, smokers have more atherosclerotic risk factors, but that is not statistically significant. 7) In relation of the smoking habit to the recent symptom index, smokers have more symptoms than non-smokers with statistical significance. In conclusion, smokers have worse health status than non-smokers especially in the atherosclerotic risk factors such as hypertension or abnormal blood lipid status and have more symptoms such as severe fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, palpitation and chest tightness. And the campaingn against smoking should direct for the male in 4th decade because they have highest smoking rate.