• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 2007

Agricultural area in the vicinity of the ${\triangle}{\triangle}$ smelting factory in Kyeongbuk province, the third largest zinc smelting factory in the world, was contaminated by high concentration of heavy metals. However, the heavy metals source was not yet directly traced and thus, resulted to a conflict between the factory and residents within its vicinity. In order to determine the level of heavy metal contamination in the arable lands located at the north eastern part of the factory, soils were sampled systematically. To find out the major reason for the occurrence of this problem, waters and aerosols were sampled with constant intervals to the upward and downward direction from the factory and were analyzed to find out the heavy metal concentrations. Cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) of the heavy metals were highly accumulated more than the Korean warning criteria (Cd 1.5, Zn 300 mg $kg^{-1}$) with mean values 1.7 and 407 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively, at the surface soils (0-20 cm), and heavy metal concentration significantly decreased with increasing soil depth In addition, the concentration of both metals slightly decreased with increasing distance from the factory to the surface soils. Cadmium and Zn were detected in the upward stream water with low concentration and concentrations increased significantly in the downstream after passing across the factory. Aerosol samples also showed traces of Cd and Zn which could be attributed to the contamination of the water system and the surface soils. Conclusively, Cd and Zn emitted from the ${\triangle}{\triangle}$ smelting factory moved with the aerosol in the atmosphere and thus, contaminated the agricultural areas and the water system within it vicinity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2007

The cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) contamination of soils and cultivated crop plants by zinc smelting activities was studied. In the study area of the vicinity of ${\triangle}{\triangle}$ zinc smelting factory in Korea, soils and corn plants were sampled at corn harvesting stage and analyzed Cd and Zn concentration as well as Cd and Zn fraction and chemical properties in soils. At 600 m radius of studied area, Cd and Zn were highly accumulated in the surface soils (0 - 20 cm) showed greater than the Korean warning criteria (Cd 1.5, Zn 300 mg $kg^{-1}$) with corresponding values 1.7 and 407 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The leaf part gave higher Cd concentration with the corresponding value of 9.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ as compared to the stem and grains pare (1.6 and 0.18 mg $kg^{-1}$), respectively. Higher Zn concentration was also obtained from the leaf part of the corn plant which gave the value of 1,733 mg $kg^{-1}$. The stem and grain part gave corresponding values of 547 and 61 mg $kg^{-1}$. The order of the mean Cd concentration in fractions is F3 (oxidizable fraction) > F2 (reducible fraction) > F4 (residual fraction) > F1 (exchangeable + acidic fraction). A highly positive correlation is observed between F2 and concentration of Cd and Zn in both plant pare, leaf and grain. Highly positive correlations are shown in the pH exchangeable Ca and Mg, and CEC when correlated with Cd and Zn bound to F4 fractions. To reduce Cd and Zn uptake by corn plant in an arable land heavily contaminated with Cd and Zn as affected by smelting factory, an efficient and effective soil management to increase soil pH and CEC is thus recommended.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.304-305
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 국내 기존 제련 공장의 무효전력을 보상하기 위한 SVC(Static Var Compensator)의 구성과 제어기에 대하여 소개하고자 한다. 본 SVC는 제련 공장의 22.9kV 계통에 적용하는 보상장치로써 TCR(Thyristor controlled reactor), Air-core Reactor, 2,3,4,5차 고조파 필터, 제어반 등으로 구성된다. 이는 Hybrid SVC을 적용한 사례이다. 역율 제어와 전압 제어를 적용하여 전력 품질 확보를 기하고자 설계 되어졌으며 SVC의 용량 ${\pm}100MVar$가 적용되어졌다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.317-336
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• 1992

The garden soils, main road dusts, residential road dusts, and playground soils/dusts of Seoul, Geumsan, Onsan, and Taebaek areas were analyzed in order to investigate the level of heavy metal pollution by urbanization and industrialization. The soil pH is in the range of 5.48~8.40 and was generally neutral. The color of soils and dusts is mainly Raw Umber to dark greyish Raw Umber. Some samples from Taebaek city, a coal mining area, showed a deep black color due to contamination by coal dusts. Major minerals of the dusts and soils are quartz, feldspars, and micas, reflecting the composition of the parent rocks. However, pyrite was found as a major mineral in the samples of industrial road dusts of Onsan, a smelting area, and resicential road dusts of Taebaek. Thus, the high level of heavy metals in mining and smelting areas can be explained with the sulfide minerals. The mode of occurences of heavy metals in Seoul, a comprehensive urbanized area, were related to the metallic pollutants and organic materials through observation by scanning eletron microscopy. In main road and residential road dusts of Onsan area, Cd, Zn, and Cu were extremely high. Some industrial road and residential road dusts of Seoul area showed high Cu, Zn, and Pb contents, wereas some garden soils and residential road dusts of Taebaek area were high in As content. In general, the heavy metal contents in dust samples were two to three times higher than those in soil samples. Main road dust samples were the most reflective from the discriminant analysis of multi-element data. Cadmium, Sb, and Se in Onsan area, As in Taebaek area, Pb and Te in Seoul area were most characteristic in discriminating the studied areas. Therefore, Cd in smelting areas, As in coal mining areas, and Pb in metropolitan areas can be suggested as the characteristic elements of each pollution pattern. The dispersion of heavy metal elements in urban areas tends to orignate in main roads and deposit in garden soils through the atmosphere and residential roads. The heavy metal contamination in Seoul is characteristic in areas with high population, factory, road, and traffic decsities. Heavy metal contents are high in the vicinity of smelters in Onsan area and are decayed to background levels from one kilometer away from the smelters.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 1992

This study was carried out to find out some characteristic responses of biological samples under the exposure of trace metals with the considering of Sex, age, residence period and smoking. Blood, Urine and Hair were collected from 116 dwellers in the vicinity of a smelting factory. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the following results were found important. 1) The concentrations of trace metals in the blood were 0.010+ 0.003 $\mu$g/ml in Cd, 0.82+ 0.11 $\mu$g/ml in Cu, 0.23_+ 0.13 $\mu$g/ml in Pb and 5.78_+ 1.43 $\mu$g/ml in Zn, those in the urine were 1.7_+ 1.7 $\mu$g/l in Cd, 16.5_+ 16.0 $\mu$g/l in Cu, 24.6_+ 23.0 $\mu$g/l in Pb and 367.7_+ 283.4 $\mu$g/l in Zn, and those in the hair were 0.52_+ 0.56 $\mu$g/g in Cd, 11.00_+4.01 $\mu$g/g in Cu, 8.53_+ 7.05 $\mu$g/g in Pb and 383.23_+ 110.56 $\mu$g/g in Zn. 2) In sex, the concentrations of Zn in the blood and urine of male were higher than those of female, however, the concentrations of Cd and Zn in the hair of female were higher than those of male. 3) The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in the urine showed an increasing trend by age. 4) While the concentration of Cd in the urine increased, the concentration of Pb in the hair decreased by residential period in all the samples. 5) The concentrations of Cd and Zn in the blood and that of Zn in the urine of smoking group were higher than those of non-smoking group. The concentration of Pb in the blood of smoking group and those of Cd, Pb and Zn in the urine of non-smoking group showed increasing the trend by age. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in the urine of non-smoking group, the concentration of Zn in the hair of smoking group showed increasing trend by residential period, however, the concentrations of Pb in the blood and hair and that of Zn in the hair showed decreasing trend by residential period. 6) When the correlations of the concentrations between Zn (main smelting metal) and other metals were analyzed, Zn in the blood was significantly correlated with Cu, Pb and Zn in the urine (positively) and Zn in the urine was significantly correlated with Zn in the blood, Cd, Cu and Pb in the urine, and Pb in the hair (positively). Zn in the hair was significantly correlated with Cd in the urine and Cu in the hair (positively). 7) Consequently, it was useful to note that samples of urine showed higher sensitivity under the metal exposure than those of blood and hair in individual sampling. In addition, as trace metals showed higher accumulation in the hair of the groups, sampling of hair was more highly recommended than those of urine and blood in group sampling.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.4 s.59
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• pp.752-763
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• 1997

To evaluate the effect of manganese on the respiratory system, we investigated the respiratory symptoms of 63 male workers exposed to, fume containing manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and silica (Si), and compared them with those of 66 male workers not exposed to the fume in a manganese alloy smelting factory. The prevalence ratios of the seven respiratory symptoms were not different between two groups. The presence of any respiratory symptom was not related with the age, duration of employment, smoking status of workers, and exposure to fume. In furnace workers, it was not related with the airborne Mn, Fe, and Si concentration in the total or respirable fume. Airborne Mn concentrations of all 4 furnaces in the respirable fume were below $1mg/m^3$. There were two suspicious cases of pneumoconiosis among furnace workers and one definite case(1/2) among casting workers who were not exposed to fume. The above results suggest that the exposure to the low airborne Mn concentration is not related with respiratory symptoms and pneumoconiosis. However, it is necessary to study the respiratory effects of Mn using the symptom questionnaire with consideration of the severity and persistence, of symptoms and the time interval from exposure.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.710-726
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• 2010

The main aim of this paper is to explore a strategy for the attraction of POSCO into Gangwon province through the collaborative network of industry-University institute-government. Although Gangwon province has abundant resources, the industrial development is stagnant owing to unfavorable conditions of industrial location. However, while attracting an magnesium smelting factory of POSCO into Gangneung city, the industrial development in the province faces a new phase for the industrialization in the region. Successful factors of the attraction are as follows; firstly, mutual collaborations of local government, research institutes, region-based firms; secondly, trust throughout rational proposals which are focused upon mutual regard of local government, POSCO and research institutes; thirdly, stategies for the attraction of POSCO which are based upon thorough analysis on such firm; finally, securing the demand market of forward industries.