• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.331-337
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• 1994

Response of the oocytes to parthenogenetic activation is one of the indice for cytoplasmic maturation. Maturational age-dependent parthenogenetic activation was examined in bovine oocytes. Follicular oocytes recovered from the slaughter house ovaries were matured in vitro in TCM 199+15% FCS+1Oiu/ml PMSG +10 iu/ml hCG from 24 to 48 h at 6 h intervals. The in vitro matured oocytes were activated by 7% ethanol for 7 min. The nuclear maturation and the cytoplasmic maturation were analysed by the nuclear configuration and pronuclei formation stained by rapid staining method. Cumulus oophori expansion increased as the maturation time increased. Proportions of the nuclear maturation were 81, 89, 72, 60 and 60% in IVM 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 h groups, respectively. Abnor¬mality in metaphase II chromosome increased sharply from 36 h IVM. The rates of the pronuclei formation and diploid upon ethanol activation were 67, 68, 73, 84 and 87%, and 4, 5, 10, 16 and 20% in IVM 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 h groups, respectively. It was suggested that maturational age increased the formation of the pronuclei and diploid, and that cytoplasmic maturation require longer maturation period than normal nuclear maturation. These results should be useful for determination of an appropriate time for fertilization in mammalian eggs matured or preincubated in vitro.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 1985

In order to develop a sanitary and economic storage method for chicken carcass by gamma-irradiation, the samples irradiated with 5 to 10 kGy were stored at 3 to $4^{\circ}C$ for 41 days, and the changes in ordour, appearance and the cooking guality of stored samples were determined. The nonirradiated samples which stored for more than 7 days were not tested because of microbial spoilage on the chicken carcasses. However, the quality of irradiated groups of 5 to 10 kGy was similar to that of fresh chicken for about 15 days though it deteriorated slightly after 20 days, however, they were still acceptable to eat each after 27 days of storage. The overall acceptability, flavor and texture was not significantly different in the samples of nonirradiated those of irradiated immediately and those of irradiated and then stored for 15 days when they were prepared for Sam Gei Tang arid steamed chicken. The acceptibility of Sam Gei Tang prepared with chickens after 15 days of the storage, the irradiated groups of 8 and 10 kGy showed a similarity to the chickens prepared immediately after slaughter. In steamed chickens prepared with the samples stored for 15 days texture of the irradiated group was superior to that of the nonirradiated fresh chicken, and there were no statistical differences in the flavors between each group.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.355-360
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• 2013

Precise, rapid and simple methods for species identification in animals are among the most important techniques in the livestock industry and research fields including meat classification. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based molecular identification using inter species polymorphisms were examined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (CYTB) gene sequences among four mammalian livestock animals (cattle, horse, goat and pig). The results from PCR-RFLP analysis using the AluI restriction enzyme were also provided for the species-specific band patterns among CYTB gene sequences in these four species. The AluI-digestion for CYTB genes provided interesting migration patterns differentially displayed according to each species. Cattle and horse had one AluI-recognition site at different nucleotide positions and their AluI-digested fragments showed different band patterns on the gels. Pig had two AluI-recognition sites within the amplified CYTB sequences and produced three bands on the gels. Goat had no AluI-recognition site and was located at the same position as the uncut PCR product. The results showed the species-specific band patterns on a single gel among the four livestock animal species by AluI-RFLP. In addition, the results from blind tests for the meat samples collected from providers without any records showed the identical information on the species recorded by observing their phenotypes before slaughter. The application of this PCR-RFLP method can be useful and provide rapid, simple, and clear information regarding species identification for various tissue samples originating from tested livestock species.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.919-927
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• 1996

In the last few years, methods for in vitro culture of early embryo stages from oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro using suitable cell culture systems have been established. But the factors affecting pregnancy rates following transfer of bovine embryos produced in vitro were not evaluated enough. So this study was performed to investigate the effects of quality and stage of embryos, parity and Corpus Luteum quality of recipients on pregnancy rates following non-surgical transfer of bovine embryos produced in vitro. Oocytes aspirated from small antral follicles of ovaries obtained at a local slaughter house were matured, fertilized with frozen-thawed semen and co-cultured for 6-7 days by utilizing co-culture system with bovine oviduct epithelial cell in vitro. After co-culture, embryos were transfered to recipients on day 7 (estrus=day 0). Recipients were monitored by ultrasonic scanning method or observation for estrus and rectal palpation after 50 days from transfer. The results of this study are follows. 1. Of the 70 recipients, 70%(49 of 70) had not showed estrus sign between day 0 and day 50, but 22.9%(16 of 70) was diagnosed not pregnant. Therefore the overall pregnancy rate of this study was 47.1%(33 of 70). 2. The pregnancy rate of recipients transfered with excellent(66.7%) and good(54.5%) embryos were higher than that of recipients transfered with fair embryos(15.8%) (p<0.05). 3. The pregnancy rate of recipients transfered with morula, compacted morula, blastocyst and expanded blastocysts were 46.2, 55.0, 62.5 and 50.0%, respectively. 4. The pregnancy rates of recipients transfered to heifer and cow were 54.5 and 55.2%, respectively. 5. The pregnancy rates of recipients with CL score I, II(66.7, 63.6%) were higher than those of recipients with CL score III (10%), (p<0.05). Success of transfer of embryos produced in vitro depends on many variables. The important factors identified in this study were the quality of embryos and the CL score of recipient animals after non-surgical transfer of embryos matured, fertilized and cultured in vitro.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 1999

Through manifestation of the principles of commodity production spatial sharing of labour can be observed in the agriculture as well as in cattle production. Better adjustment of the production structure to the environment factors brings higher yields and more effective production. In being able to maximize the profit the entrepreneurs opt for producing output that closely matches to their featuring conditions. In contrary to the relatively high "mobility" of crop production animal husbandry and within this cattle production - as known - is strictly chained to forage production. On the basis of our economic research and as a result of multivariable analysis(factor analysis) it can be concluded that two variable groups(factors) are highly dominant in organizing profitable cattle production. First of them is the crop site factor (indicated by gold crown value), the second is the forage production feature(forage and grassland area and the yield of them). During recent years the weight of environmental factors suffered from devaluation. As a result of the central economic administration differentiating effects were suppressed and the chances of equalizing concepts strengthened. The outcome can be observed even today. In the regions, for example, being predominantly suitable for grass and forage cropping the milk and slaughter cattle production decreased. The same is ture for com and pig production regions. Unexploitment of local environmental features can be observed mainly in grassland management. Branches being potential user of grasslands hardly take them into consideration. Main method of rational use of grasslands is pasturing. Presence of pastures and the usage of them through cattle production is highly important not only for profitable production but also for maintaining ecological stability.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.645-658
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• 2004

To investigate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid added diet feeding on CLA accumulation and quality characteristics of manufactured press ham using CLA accwnulated pork loin meat. The CLA used to add in diet was chemically synthesized by alkaline isomerization method with com oil. Pigs were divided into 5 treatment groups(4 pigs/group) and subjected to one of five treatment diets(0, 1.25% CLA for 2weeks, 2.5% CLA for 2weeks, 1.25% CLA for 4weeks and 2.5% CLA for 4weeks, CLA diets; total fed diets) before slaughter. Pork loin were collected from the animals(110kg body weight) slaughtering at the commercial slaughter house. Manufacture press ham using CLA accumulated pork loin meat were vacuum packaged and then stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for general compositions, physico-chemical properties(pH, color, shear force value), TBARS. pH value of CLA treatment(T4) was increased significantly than that of oontrol(P<0.05). pH of control and CLA treatments were increased significantly as the storage period passed(P< 0.05). Crude fat content of CLA treatment groups was significantly higher than the control pork (P<0.05). Meat color(CIE $L^*$, $a^*$$b^*$

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.383-394
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• 1979

Treatment of valvular heart disease with valve replacement has been one of the most popular procedures in cardiac surgery recently. Although, first effort was directed toward the prosthetic valve, it soon became popular that bioprosthesis, the valvular xenograft, was prefered in the majority cases. Valvular xenograft has some superiority to the artificial prosthetic valve in some points of thromboembolism and hemolytic anemia, and it also has some inferiority of durability, immunologic reaction and resistance to Infection. Tremendous efforts were made to cover the inferiority with several methods of collection, preservation, and valve mounting of the porcine valve or pericardium of the calf, and also with surgical technique of the valvular xenograft replacement. Auther has collected 320 porcine aortic valves immediately after slaughter, and aortic cusps were coapted with cotton balls in the Valsalva sinuses to protect valve deformity after immersion in the Hanks' solution, and oxidation, cross-linking and reduction procedures were completed after the proposal of Carpentier in 1972. Well preserved aortic valves were suture mounted in the hand-made tissue valve frame of 19, 21, and 23 mm J.d., and also in the prosthetic vascular segment of 19 mm Ld. with 4-0 nylon sutures after careful trimming of the aortic valves. Completed valves were evaluated with bacteriologic culture, pressure tolerance test with tolerane gauge, valve durability test in the saline glycerine mixed solution with tolerance test machine in the speed of 300 rpm, and again with pathologic changes to obtain following results: 1. Bacteriologic culture of the valve tissue in five different preservation method for two weeks revealed excellent and satisfactory result in view of sterilization including 0.65% glutaraldehyde preservation group for one week bacteriologic culture except one tissue with Citobacter freundii in 75% ethanol preserved group. 2. Pressure tolerance test was done with an apparatus composed of V-connected manometer and pressure applicator. Tolerable limit of pressure was recorded when central leaking jet of saline was observed. Average pressure tolerated in each group was 168 mmHg in glutaraldehyde, 128 mmHg in formaldehyde, 92 mmHg in Dakin's solution, 48 mmHg in ethylene oxide gas, and 26 mmHg in ethanol preserved group in relation to the control group of Ringer's 90 mmHg respectively. 3. Prolonged durability test was performed in the group of frame mounted xenograft tissue valve with 300 up-and-down motion tolerance test machine/min. There were no specific valve deformity or wearing in both 19, 21, and 23 mm valves at the end of 3 months (actually 15 months), and another 3 months durability test revealed minimal valve leakage during pressure tolerance test due to contraction deformity of the non-coronary cusp at the end of 6 months (actually 30 months) in the largest 23 mm group. 4. Histopathologic observation was focussed in three view points, endothelial cell lining, collagen and elastic fiber destructions in each preservation methods and long durable valvular tolerance test group. Endothel ial cell lining and collagen fiber were well preserved in the glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde treated group with minimal destruction of elastic fiber. In long durable tolerance test group revealed complete destruction of the endothelial cell lining with minimal destruction of the collagen and elastic fiber in 3 month and 6 month group in relation to the time and severity. In conclusion, porcine xenograft treated after the proposal of Carpentier in 1972 and preserved in the glutaraldehyde solution was the best method of collection, preservation and valve mounting. Pressure tolerance and valve motion tolerance test, also, revealed most satisfactory results in the glutaraldehyde preserved group.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of vitrification in open pulled straws (OPS) methods on in vitro survival ability of porcine embryos. For in vitro maturation of immature oocytes, the porcine ovaries were collected from local slaughter-house. The cumulus-oocytes complexes were aspirated from 2 to 6 mm follicles. The collected oocytes were cultured for in vitro maturation in NCSU-23 medium with 5 mM hypotaurine, 0.57 mM cysteine, 10% porcine follicle fluid, 10 IU/ml PMSG and 10 IU/ml hCG for $21{\sim}22$ hrs. Then, the oocytes were more cultured $21{\sim}22$ hrs in vitro maturation in medium removed hormones. The frozen-thawed spermatozoa were washed by centrifugation 2 times for 10 min at 1,500 rpm in D-PBS with 5.56 mM glucose, 0.33 mM Na-pyruvate, 100 IU/ml penicillin, $100 {\mu}g/ml$ streptomycin and 4 mg/ml BSA. The fertilization medium used mTBM with 2 mM caffeine and 2 mg/ml BSA and adjusted to a pH of 7.2 to 7.4. The final concentration of spermatozoa was adjusted to $2.5{\times}10^6$cells/ml motile sperm during fertilization in vitro. At 8 hrs after insemination, the oocytes were transferred into NCSU-23 medium with 5.0 mM hypotaurine, 4 mg/ml BSA and 10 ng/ml EGF and cultured for 7 days. When the blastocysts of different stages were frozen-thawed by OPS methods, the proportions of embryos with normal morphology were significantly (p<0.05) higher in embryos frozen-thawed at expanded blastocyst stage (38.9%) than in early blastocyst stage (28.3%). On the other hand, the proportions of embryos damaged after frozen-thawing were significantly (p<0.05) higher in embryos frozen at early blastocyst stages than in expanded blastocyst stage. In another experiment, the normal embryos morphology after frozen- thawing were further cultured for 48 hrs. After culture, the proportions of embryos hatched were 6.7, 20.0 and 33.3% for embryos frozen-thawed at early blastocyst, mid-blastocyst and expanded blastocyst stages. These finding indicate the possible broader application for OPS methods, as frozen-thawed embryos may be accompanied by developmental stage according to requirements of the survival ability after freezing of blastocyst stage in the pig.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.500-506
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• 1994

For comparison of beef quality, four kinds of beef (Korean native cattle beef, dairy cattle beef, imported beef, cross-bred beef) were investigated through tenderness, juiciness and flavor related components measurement and organoleptic tests. Flavor related chemical components such as NPN, IMP, free fatty acid and free amino acids were analyzed, water holding capacity, contents of hydroxyproline and intramuscular fat were measured for evaluation of beef tenderness. Instron was also used for measuring beef tenderness as an objective method. Triangle test and descriptive analysis test were conducted for comparison and evaluation of preference of various beef samples. In hardness analysis using Instron, imported and cross-bred beefs had higher value than that of Korean native cattle or dairy cattle beef. Water holding capacity and pH of Korean cattle beef was higher than that of others. The intramuscular fat content of Korean cattle beef was highest, so it was expected juicier than other beef. In flavor related compound analysis, NPN content of Korean native cattle beef was the lowest, which shows it spent the least time among sample meats after slaughter. IMP, hypoxantine and inosine were most abundant in Korean native cattle beef. In free amino acids analysis showed that the proportion of basic acid and aromatic acid content of Korean native cattle beef was highest, whereas that of sulfur containing amino acid of imported beef was highest. TBA value of Korean native cattle beef was the lowest, and analysis of fatty acid composition revealed that the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid of Korean native cattle beef was higher than imported and dairy cattle beef, but similar to cross-bred beef. Organoleptic test was performed by triangle test and descriptive analysis. In triangle test, most panelist could distinguish Korea native cattle beef from imported beef and cross-bred beef, imported beef from cross-bred beef. In descriptive analysis which relys on subjective standards of panelists, there was no difference among beef in aroma, flavor and tenderness except juiciness. Even though contents of non volatile flavor compounds in Korean native cattle beef were higher than those of other beef samples, there were no significant differences in subjective panel test. The results showed that Korean consumers do not have common standards for beef quality evaluation.