• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of natural and synthetic commercial pigments on the growth performances, skin pigmentation and color difference of broiler chicks. Experimental diet was formulated to have isocalories and isonitrogen for experimental period, and xanthophyll concentration in the diet was 8.45g/1on. The experiment was conducted for six weeks with 450 broiler chicks. The birds were assigned to 10 treatment groups and each group had 15 chicks with three replications. Results showed that the types of pigments did not have any effect on body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency. The mortality was lower with higher pigment supplementation and greater in the natural pigment groups than in the synthetic ones. Dressed carcass, abdominal fat pad and gizzard weight were not significantly different among treatments. The pigmentation of shank skin was increased with high pigment supplementations, and the pigmentation effect was greater with synthetic pigments than in natural pigments. In the shank meat or skin, the color difference(L*, a*, b*, c* and h*) was not consistently related to pigmentation.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.438-447
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• 2003

We selected 113 subjects (male:59, female:54) in 20 to 29 age and observed the skin color difference between female and male. Also we measured the minimal persistent pigment darkening dose (MPPD) in same subjects. The skin colors of upper inner arm and back were measured with chromameter (CR10, Minolta, Japan) which represents skin color as $L^{*}$, $a^{*}$, and $b^{*}$ in value. MPPD was measured with solar simulator multi-port 601(Solarlight Co. USA). All statistical analysis was performed on the computer software package SPSS 8.0. The skin colors between male and female was significant difference in back and upper inner arm. There was significant difference of skin colors between back and upper inner arm in both male and female. There was no relationship existed between the values of MPPD and skin color ( $L^{*}$ $a^{*}$ $b^{*}$) of back in both male and female. As a result of survey, we knew that there was apparent difference of skin color between back and upper inner arm due to gender. Also we hope these data will be helpful to study on the correlation of the pigmentation index and skin color.(omitted)omitted)ted)

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.31-39
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to find out the efficacy of ginseng on the skin by comparing the difference effect between only MTS (microneedle therapy system) and the ginseng solution application after MTS treatment. Methods : The present author performed once a week and total 3 times of MTS treatment. The treatment time took about 5~10 minutes and the depth of the needle was adjusted according to the participant's skin condition. In the control group, skin toner was applied after MTS and in the experimental group, ginseng extract dissolved toner was applied. One week after each treatment, the change of skin condition was measured. Two weeks after the end of the clinical trial, the skin condition was checked again. Results : In the case of t-zone oil, there was a significant decrease in the test group and in the case of pores and pigmentation, there was a significant decrease in both the test group and the control group, but the degree of significance was greater in the test group. In the case of skin tone, there was an increase, but no significance. Conclusion : The MTS treatment itself showed good effects on t-zone oil, pores, pigmentation, and skin tone. But the effect was much better when the ginseng extract solution was applied to the skin after MTS treatment. This study suggests that ginseng solution increases the efficacy of MTS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.306-310
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• 2005

Exposure to UVB radiation can cause diverse biological photodamage to skin. Eeb 761 and Korean red ginseng are the major and most effective natural drug against a variety of oxidative damage. But, the protective effects against UVB radiation have not been clearly identified. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of topical EGb 761 and Korean red ginseng on pigmentation by UVB radiation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines($IL-l{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$) and melanogenesis proteins(tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2) mRNA were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis. The in vivo protection against pigmentation was calculated using chromameter. The mRNA level of IL-lf and TNF-a were increased by UVB irradiation in treated and non-treated group, while no significant changes were observed in IL-6 level. Topical treatment with EGb 761 and Korean red ginseng remarkably reduced expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 in the non-irradiated and irradiated skin. Application of EGb 761 and Korean red ginseng significantly protected the WB-induced skin pigmentation and Korean red ginseng was more effective. Our study suggests that topical ECb761 and Korean red ginseng can regulate melanogenic proteins and protect UVB radiation on skin pigmentation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2023

Since facial skin pigmentation is one of the visual characteristics of skin aging, it is important to evaluate skin pigmentation in the cosmetics and aesthetic fields. Several groups have investigated and developed the image analysis methods for skin pigmentation and some of the groups reported the age-related changes of the number and size of facial pigmented spots. However, they didn't show the changes of the number and size of pigment spots by defined size, and there is no report for Korean female regarding pigmentation. A total of 194 Korean females aged 20 ~ 79 (48.97 ± 17.11 years) were analyzed for the number, size, and intensity of pigmented spots using various filters such as large high-pass filter and median filter in their digital facial images. There were significant correlations between age and total pigmented spot number (No.), size, and intensity (I) (pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.688, r = 0.645, r = -0.563), and significant correlations were also observed between the number and intensity of pigmented spots of different sizes. According to the ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the percentage of spot size of 2 ~ 4 mm² and > 20 mm² between 20's and 70's. In other words, with aging, pigmentation increases in the facial skin, and the large increase in pigmentation is particularly noticeable in Korean women.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.53-59
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• 2022

Objectives : Cleanser is the most basic tools used in daily skin care. I made a cold process soap using Castanea crenata inner shell (CCIS). I'd like to study the effect of face wash using CCIS cold process (CP) soap on the skin. Methods : The same water and towel were used at the same place in order to examine the skin change state immediately before and after washing face. The skin test was performed before and after 10 minutes washing the face in order to remove these external environmental factors, such as lifestyle, alcohol, tobacco, and stress etc. As a control group, the cases of washing with water and foam cleanser (F/C), which is a popular commercial product, were set. Three cases were compared and analyzed. Results : In the case of water washing, there was a significant decrease in oil (U-zone) but that was not good effect. In the case of F/C and CCIS washing, there were significant decrease in oil (T-zone), pores and pigmentation, but the significance was bigger in CCIS washing. In the case of pores, there was a significant decrease in all three cases. Conclusion : In the case of F/C and CCIS washing, it showed the effect of reducing T-zone oil, pores and pigmentation. But the significance was greater in CCIS case than in F/C case. CCIS cp soap is considered as a form of face wash that is suitable for skin care.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.724-732
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• 2010

Two feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary paprika (DP) and lipid (DL) levels on growth performance and skin pigmentation of pale chub, Zacco platypus. Six diets (designated as $P_0L_8,\;P_0L_{17},\;P_8L_8,\;P_8L_{17},\;P_{16}L_8\;and\;P_{16}L_{17}$) were formulated to contain 0%, 8% and 16% paprika with 8% and 17% lipid, respectively. For the growth experiment (Exp I), three replicate groups of fish (average weight 2.6${\pm}$0.2 g) were fed one of the six experimental diets for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, survival was above 94% and not significantly different among dietary treatments. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the $P_{16}L_8$ diet were lower than for fish fed the $P_0L_8$ diet. The highest total carotenoid (TC) content was observed in fish fed the $P_{16}L_8$ diet. For the pigmentation experiment (Exp II), each experimental diet was fed to two replicate groups of fish (average weight 9.0${\pm}$0.5 g) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, TC content of the skin was significantly affected by DP (p<0.05). The highest TC content of the skin was observed after 6 weeks of feeding at all dietary treatments. Astaxanthin content of the skin was not affected by DP and DL (p>0.05). The capxanthin and zeaxanthin contents of skin increased significantly with increasing DP, whereas the opposite trend was observed for lutein and ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin contents. The skin lightness ($L^*$ values) significantly decreased whereas the values of $a^*$ and $b^*$ were significantly increased in fish fed the diets containing paprika (p<0.05). The present results suggest that feeding a diet containing 8% paprika and 8% lipid for 6 weeks could improve skin pigmentation of pale chub without any adverse effects on growth performance.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 2015

The effect of dietary carrot extract on skin pigmentation and non-specific immunity of red seabream was evaluated in a six-week feeding trial compared to that of astaxanthin. Fish were fed different experimental diets supplemented with three levels of carrot extract (30, 100, and 300 mg ${\beta}$-carotene/kg diet or CE30, CE100, and CE300), 100 mg astaxanthin/kg diet (AXT100), or a diet without supplement as control for 6 weeks. Our results revealed that the specific growth rate and feed conversion rate were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by carrot extract or astaxanthin supplementation for 6 weeks. After 3 weeks of feeding, the dietary carrot extract significantly (p<0.05) influenced the redness ($a^*$) and hue ($H^*{_{ab}}$) of fish skin. CE300 showed the highest $a^*$ and the lowest $H^*{_{ab}}$, suggesting that carrot extract increased the redness of skin color. However, after 6 weeks of feeding, dietary carrot extract significantly (p<0.05) increased the values of yellowness $b^*$ at all three levels. In contrast, AXT100 significantly (p<0.05) increased the values of $a^*$ but decreased the value of $H^*{_{ab}}$. Only CE300 significantly (p<0.05) increased the serum lysozyme activity. These findings suggest that dietary carrot extract can be utilized as a natural feed additive to improve skin pigmentation and health condition of fish.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.375-380
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• 2018

We have previously found that mycelia culture broth of eight kinds of traditional herbal extracts fermented with Phellinus linteus (previously named as 8-HsPLCB) not only inhibited melanin and tyrosinase activity, but also reduced the contents of melanogenesis-related proteins, including tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-stimulated B16F0 melanoma cells. For a further study, the effect of 8-HsPLCB against skin pigmentation in brown guinea pigs with ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced hyperpigmentation was investigated. 8-HsPLCB (3%) and arbutin (2%) as positive controls were applied topically twice daily for 4 weeks to the hyperpigmented areas. 8-HsPLCB showed skin-lightening effect as effective as arbutin, one of the most widely used in whitening cosmetics. Melanin index values as the degree of pigmentation showed a significant reduction week by week post 8-HsPLCB treatment and then substantially reduced by 4 weeks. The degree of depigmentation after 4 weeks of topical application with 8-HsPLCB was 32.2% as compared with before treatment (0 week). Moreover, using Fontana-Masson staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining, 8-HsPLCB reduced melanin pigmentation in the basal layer of the epidermis and epidermal thickness changes exposed to the UV-B irradiation as compared with non-treatment and vehicle treatment. The intensity of the skin-lightening effect of 8-HsPLCB was similar to arbutin. These results suggest that the skin-lightening effect of 8-HsPLCB might be resulted from inhibition of melanin synthesis by tyrosinase in melanocytes. To conclude, 8-HsPLCB treatment showed reduction of the melanin pigment and histological changes induced by UV irradiation in brown guinea pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.799-805
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• 2010

Since the consumption of spent laying hens as roasted skewered meat increases, the effects of various carotenoids on pigmentation and antioxidant activity were tested with 62-wk-old 250 ISA brown laying hens to improve the quality of chicken meat. In a 6-wk feeding trial, 4 carotenoids with different polarity (${\beta}$-8-apo-carotenoic acid ethyl ester (ACAEE)>astaxanthin>canthaxanthin>${\beta}$-carotene) at 100 mg carotenoid/kg feed were used. The more polar the carotenoids, the higher were the levels in blood. After 5-wk adaptation, the concentrations of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and ACAEE in blood were -4 ${\mu}g/ml$. Canthaxanthin decreased significantly (p<0.05) the level of total blood cholesterol. Decreases in blood triglyceride by all carotenoids used were significant. ACAEE and astaxanthin tended to increase skin yellowness of thigh, breast, and wing proportionally to feeding period. In the case of polar carotenoids (ACAEE and astaxanthin), the longer the period of feeding, the higher the accumulation in skin was observed. Only astaxanthin was effective against the production of lipid peroxides in skin. Conclusively, out of the commercially available carotenoids we tested, astaxanthin is recommended for pigmentation of skin and inhibition of lipid oxidation.