• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.93-103
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• 2001

Once of recent issue in the leather industry is disposal of shaving scrap containing chromium. Shaving scrap is indispensible generated by control of the final thickness in the leather making process. It is the flesh layer of the skin consisting mainly of collagen. More recently, we have tried to improve the quality of the isolated gelatin. The purpose of this research was to extract gelatin for agricultural usage. As a result, it does not contain Cr and could obtained to a good gelatin that have more than 130,000Da. average molecular weight, more than 30 mps viscosity and more than 100g jelly strength. Gelatin that is extracted by alkaline condition expected to be available to high performance gelatin such as material of organic fertilizer(ex, Nitrogen-release fertilizer).

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.46-49
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• 2012

Purpose: The forehead flap is the workhorse in nasal reconstruction, which provides a similar skin color, texture, structure, and reliability. There are some disadvantages, including donor site morbidities, 2- or 3-stage operations, and postoperative management after initial flap transfer. Furthermore, there has been little attention to the exposed raw surface wound, after the first stage of an operation. This article describes the authors' modification to overcome this problem, using artificial collagen membrane. Methods: An Artificial collagen membrane is composed of an outer silicone membrane and an inner collagen layer. After a forehead flap elevation, the expected raw surface was covered by an artificial collagen membrane with 5-0 nylon suture. A simple dressing, which had been applied to the site, was changed every 2 or 3 days in an outpatient unit. At 3 weeks postprocedure, a second stage operation was performed. Results: With biosynthetic protection of the raw surface, there were no wound problems, such as infection or flap loss. Thus, the patient was satisfied due to an effortless management of the wound and a reduction in pain. Conclusion: The application of an artificial collagen membrane to the raw under-surface of the flap could be a comfortable and a protective choice for this procedure.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

Background: The ear is composed of elastic cartilage as its framework, and is covered with a thin layer of skin. Auricular reconstruction using autogenous cartilage in microtia patients requires delicacy. This paper reports clinical experiences related to elevation of reconstructed ear in the last 11 years. Methods: This study was based on 68 congenital microtia patients who underwent auricular elevation in our hospital. Among these 68 patients, 47 patients were recruited. We compared the differences in the ear size, auriculocephalic angle, and conchal depth with those in the opposite ear, and the patients' satisfaction levels were investigated using a survey. Results: The difference in the sizes of the two ears was less than or equal to 5 mm in 32 patients, 5 to 10 mm in 10 patients, and greater than or equal to 10 mm in 5 patients. The difference in the auriculocephalic angles of the two ears was less than or equal to 10 degrees in 14 patients, 10 to 20 degrees in 26 patients, and greater than or equal to 20 degrees in 7 patients. The difference in the conchal depths of the two ears was less than or equal to 5 mm in 24 patients, 5 to 10 mm in 19 patients, and greater than or equal to 10 mm in 4 patients. The average grade of 3.9 points out of 5 points was obtained by the patients with satisfactory surveys. Conclusion: We could make enough protrusion and maintain the three-dimensional shape for a long time to satisfy our patients.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.221-231
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• 2018

A new procedure to produce poly(vinylidene fluoride)/boron nitride hybrid membrane is presented for application in membrane distillation (MD) process. The influence of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) incorporation on the performance of the polymeric membranes is studied through the present investigation. For this aim, h-BN nanopowders were successfully synthesized using the simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route and subsequent solvent treatments. The resulting h-BN nanosheets were blended with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) solution. Then, the prepared composite solution was subjected to phase inversion process to obtain PVDF/h-BN hybrid membranes. Various examinations such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wettability, permeation flux, mechanical strength and liquid entry pressure (LEP) measurements are performed to evaluate the prepared membrane. Moreover, Air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) experiments were carried out to investigate the salt rejection performance and the durability of membranes. The results show that our hybrid PVDF/h-BN membrane presents higher water permeation flux (${\sim}18kg/m^2h$) compared to pristine PVDF membrane. In addition, the experimental data confirms that the prepared nanocomposite membrane is hydrophobic (water contact angle: ${\sim}103^{\circ}$), has a porous skin layer (>85%), as well competitive fouling resistance and operational durability. Furthermore, the total salt rejection efficiency was obtained for PVDF/h-BN membrane. The results prove that the novel PVDF/h-BN membrane can be easily synthesized and applied in MD process for salt rejection purposes.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1985

Keloids are abnormally healed skin wounds that develop in the subpapillary layer of the dermis. They are a lesion with wide, raised and deep scars. They exceed the original dimensions of the wound and grow mounds upon mounds of collagen in a pseudotumor fashion. Their treatment may take several forms such as surgery, intralesional injection of steroid, compression, superficial irradiation, and combination therapy. However, absolute method is nothing until now. Recently, the cryosurgery shows relatively good effect in treatment, so we tried the clinical experience with cryosurgery in the treatment of keloids. Material and methods: During the past 2 years, we treated 20 individuals of the keloids with severe itching and pain. The age ranged from 5 to 45 years old. Only 6 cases were biopsied before and after cryotherapy. The cryosurgery set we used was Toitu model CR 201 $N_2O$ gas (tip temperature is $-80^{\circ}C$) and was applied directly on the lesion about 4 to 5 minutes with slight compression. After cryosurgery in keloids, the following results were obtained: 1. It is both quick and easy method. 2. It causes little or no pain and no loss of blood. 3. Integumentary normalization is rapid. The new scar tissue is smaller, and more elastic and soft. 4. The pain, itching and paresthesia commonly associated with keloid is usually disappeared. 5. Other treatment can be used after cryosurgery. 6. Histologic picture after cryosurgery is similar with the result of steroid injection. 7. The mechanism of the cryosurgery in keloids is the result of the direct tissue destroying action and cryoimmunologic reaction.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.24-31
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• 2001

Polypropylenes(PP) with different melt index values were mixed with ethylene-propylene rubber(EPR) or ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubber(EPDM) and an ethylene copolymer containing carboxylic acid group in a twin screw extruder. Then test specimens were prepared from the pellets of the blends with an injection molding machine. The mechanical properties and morphology of fractured surfaces were measured. Relative peak intensities of carboxylic acid group on the specimen surface were measured with an attennuated total reflection infrared spectrometer (ATR-IR) and compared with each other. The blend specimens were found to have the gradient morphology of rubber domains in PP matrix in the core region and PP skin layer. The blends containing PP of higher melt index showed greater content of ethylene copolymer containing carboxylic acid on the surface when the relative peak intensities of ATR-IR for carboxylic acid were compared. As the melt index values were increased, the decrease tendency in mechanical propeties such as tensile strength and impact strength was more significant for PP/EPR blends than PP/EPDM blends.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2020

Objective: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a major sequela after surgery or radiotherarpy for breast cancer. Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is designed to reduce lymph swelling by facilitating lymphatic drainage. This study attempted to determine the histologic changes in the skin and subcutaneous layer, and the immediate effect of MLD in decreasing lymphedema using ultrasound imaging, which is the method used most commonly to eliminate BCRL. Design: A single-group experimental study. Methods: Five subjects who were diagnosed with hemiparetic upper extremity lymphedema more than six months after breast cancer surgery participated in the study. MLD was performed for 60 minutes in the order of the thorax, breast, axilla, and upper arm of the affected side. In order to determine the effect of MLD, ultrasound imaging and limb volume were assessed. Two measurement tools were used for asessing lymphedema thickness among the pretest, posttest, and 30-minute follow-up period. Results: Significant diferences in ultrasound imaging and upper limb volume were found between the affected side and non-affected side (p<0.05). On the affected side, although ultrasound imaging showed a significant decrease after MLD (p<0.05), there were no significant difference in upper limb volume when compared to the baseline. Conclusions: In this study, a significant decrease in lymphedema by MLD was demonstrated by ultrasound imaging, which is considered to be more useful in assessing histological changes than limb volume measurements. Further research on the protocol for eliminating lymphedema will be needed.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 2011

Cellulose triacetate (CTA) polymer among cellulose esters were used for preparing hollow fiber membranes by phase separation method to investigate the gas permeation properties. To endow gas separation properties, 1,4-dioxane and LiCl were used as additives in the polymer dope solution. The spinning conditions including spinning temperature were controlled to form an active skin layer on the hollow fiber surface. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine morphology of surface and cross section of the prepared CTA hollow fibers. The gas permeation performance of CTA hollow fiber membranes showed $P_{CO2}$ = 17 GPU and ${\alpha}_{CO2/N2}$ = 48.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2004

This study is observed the skin of the parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus that related study of epidermal alternation with environmental and physiological change. It composed of supporting cells, unicellular glands and accessory cells. The supporting cells are classified into superficial cell, intermediated cell and basal cell. Superficial cell of epidermal layer is squamous or cuboidal and contain nucleus of ovoid type. And its free surface has many microridge which covered with glycocalyx. Intermediated cell is ovoid and has a nucleus of round shape. Basal cell is columnar, and nucleus is situated in the upper cytoplasm. Gland cells are classified into mucous cell and club cell. By the histochemical studies of the epidermal secretions the mucous materials react on blue in ABPAS (pH 2.5). Club cell is observed numerous vacuoles and microfilaments in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of chloride cells are occupied with numerous mitochondria. Pigment cells are classified into two type. The one contain pigment granules of electron dense, and the other contain reflecting platelets.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.176-180
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• 2007

Purpose: Pitanguy conducted a series of anatomical studies on "dermocartilaginous ligament" of the nose. However, information on its structure is as yet insufficient, especially in terms of its origin, insertion, and relationships with surrounding tissues. In addition, some of the histologic findings described by Pitanguy are controversial. The present study was undertaken to clarify the anatomy of the "dermocartilaginous ligament". Methods: Sixteen cadaver noses were examined macroscopically and histologically to determine the presence, origin, insertion, composition, and relationship of the "dermocartilaginous ligament" with surrounding structures. Results: The structure originated from the deep layer of the transverse nasalis muscle and terminated at the caudal edge of the septal cartilage in all 16 cadavers. However, in three cadavers the insertion extended to the orbicularis oris muscle. No direct connection was found between the structure and dermis of dorsal nasal skin. The dermocartilaginous ligaments were mainly composed of a condensation of thin collagen bundles, which were interwoven and without any regular orientation. Elastic fibers were also present in small numbers, and there were few amorphous ground substances. Neither muscle fibers nor chondrocytes was identified within dermocartilaginous ligaments. Conclusion: Our macroscopic and histologic findings of the structure do not support the use of the term "dermocartilaginous ligament". According to its origin, insertion, and histologic findings, we recommend that this structure be referred to as the "median musculocartilaginous fascia".