• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.361-375
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• 2015

A measure of skewness and kurtosis is proposed to test multivariate normality. It is based on an empirical standardization using the scaled residuals of the observations. First, we consider the statistics that take the skewness or the kurtosis for each coordinate of the scaled residuals. The null distributions of the statistics converge very slowly to the asymptotic distributions; therefore, we apply a transformation of the skewness or the kurtosis to univariate normality for each coordinate. Size and power are investigated through simulation; consequently, the null distributions of the statistics from the transformed ones are quite well approximated to asymptotic distributions. A simulation study also shows that the combined statistics of skewness and kurtosis have moderate sensitivity of all alternatives under study, and they might be candidates for an omnibus test.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.99-104
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• 2006

Accurate flow rate distribution has been become a very important part for controling of air change rate since the introduction of house ventilation system. An inappropriate selection of fan due to Incorrect prediction of friction loss makes waste energy. The purpose of this study is to recognize applicability of T-Method at house ventilation system by comparing experiment with T-method, The result of this study is as follows Flow rate is small amount in a house, so duct size must be accurate. And duct design with Equal Friction Loss Method presented large error range. Equal friction loss method is not fit to applicate small amount air flow rate. T-Method predicts accurate flow rate comparatively in a house ventilation system. Error range was 3.5%.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.105-108
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• 2018

Face Detection is an essential first step of the face recognition, and this is significant effects on face feature extraction and the effects of face recognition. Face detection has extensive research value and significance. In this paper, we present and analysis the principle, merits and demerits of the classic AdaBoost face detection and ASM algorithm based on point distribution model, which ASM solves the problems of face detection based on AdaBoost. First, the implemented scheme uses AdaBoost algorithm to detect original face from input images or video stream. Then, it uses ASM algorithm converges, which fit face region detected by AdaBoost to detect faces more accurately. Finally, it cuts out the specified size of the facial region on the basis of the positioning coordinates of eyes. The experimental result shows that the method can detect face rapidly and precisely, with a strong robustness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.327-348
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• 2019

Among the many methods to make sustainable garments, convertible garments have the potential to change style and function that allow consumers to keep and use garments longer with the possibility of enhancing sustainability. This research analyzes consumer preferences in changeable design options for convertible dresses and the consumers' influence on environmentally responsible apparel consumption (ERC) behaviors on their preferences regarding changeable design options of dresses, which are popular items. An online survey collected data from a convenient sample of 321 female college students from four universities in the United States. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS through descriptive analysis, cluster analysis, and independent samples t-test. There were significant differences between high and low ERC groups in design preferences that considered important aspects of purchasing, using convertible dresses, and purchase intentions. Detailed differences among sub-groups were analyzed. Designers are encouraged to make tying/folding/wrapping dresses with changes of size/fit, dress length, or color/pattern. The results are beneficial for apparel designers when developing convertible dresses with the guidance of consumers' design preferences and differences according to ERC levels.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.463-475
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• 2021

Desgagné and de Micheaux (2018) proposed an alternative univariate normality test to the Jarque-Bera test. The proposed statistic is based on the sample second power skewness and kurtosis while the Jarque-Bera statistic uses sample Pearson's skewness and kurtosis that are the third and fourth standardized sample moments, respectively. In this paper, we generalize their statistic to a multivariate version based on orthogonalization or an empirical standardization of data. The proposed multivariate statistic follows chi-squared distribution approximately. A simulation study shows that the proposed statistic has good control of type I error even for a very small sample size when critical values from the approximate distribution are used. It has comparable power to the multivariate version of the Jarque-Bera test with exactly the same idea of the orthogonalization. It also shows much better power for some mixed normal alternatives.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2021

k-least quantile of squares (k-LQS) estimates are a generalization of least median of squares (LMS) estimates. They have not been used as much as LMS because their breakdown points become small as k increases. But if the size of outliers is assumed to be fixed LQS estimates yield a good fit to the majority of data and residuals calculated from LQS estimates can be a reliable tool to detect outliers. We propose to use LQS estimates for separating a clean set from the data in the context of outlyingness of the cases. Three procedures are suggested for the identification of outliers using LQS estimates. Examples are provided to illustrate the methods. A Monte Carlo study show that proposed methods are effective.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.56-72
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide with the useful fundamental data by developing the appearl sizing system according to body types for the Women's Wear Specifications(GB/T 1335.2-1997), National Standards of People's Republic of China. Thus, it was to improve of the garment fit and coverage rate for the apparel production assortment and stock of exporting domestic clothing to China. For this study, 581 female women aged in their twenties who lived in Beijing and Shanghai were selected for the development of the apparel sizing system who resident in Beijing and Shanghai in China. As for the method of this study was made three primary items(length, bust girth, waist girth) and seven secondary items. Data analysis were processed by SPSS WIN 10.0 Program was used. The research selected 3 major body measurements, such as stature, bust girth, waist girth and 7 secondary measurements to investigate the body features of the Chinese adult women. The data throughout the study were analyzed by using SPSS WIN version 10.0 S/W. The result were as follows: The clothes dimensions for upper and lower body and the coverage rate of body size that had the highest appearance ratio from the selected age group in 20's were: Y-type 160-84 155-64(5.9%) and the section 160cm 22.6%, A-type 160-80 160-62(39%) and the section 160cm 27.9%, B-type 155-80 155-66(6.2%) and the section 160cm 24.7%. The representative size codes of the Chinese adult women aged in their 20's were set for representing certain body dimensions such as 150-76A 150-60A(0.0%), 155-80A 155-64A(2.4%), 160-84A 160-68A(3.9%), 165-88A 165-72A(0.3%), 170-92A 170-76A(0.0%). The production coverage rates for the each representative size codes were S size the section 150cm 1.5%, M size the section 155cm 15.3%, L size the section 160cm 36.0%, XL size the section 165cm 29.7%, XXL size the section 170cm 11.4% that covered 93.9%.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.95-110
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to analyze how appropriately the sizing of domestically produced children's wear compares to children's sizes; it is based on an anthropometric survey conducted in 1998. By discovering and understanding discrepancies between the sizing system of children s wear and the real size of children, this study aims to suggest solutions that will lead to increased comfort and more suitable fitting in children's clothes. This research analyzes and compares 'the extent of growth between age groups' with 'the difference in sizing system in use by manufacturers'. The study focused on aged 4 to 12 children, who are usually divided in two groups; primary students and toddlers. In total, seven sizes were selected: bust, waist, and hip (which are girth sizes), and height, back neck to waist (top length), sleeve length, and waist to ankle (slacks length) as representing length. The results of this research are analyzed by basing on the actual increments between the sizes of children's wear in certain basic items rather than sizes themselves because each size quite differed according to companies, items and designs. Significantly, the increase in the sizing was not as great as the average biennial growth rate of children. The consequences are poorer fit and unsuitable representative value for each age group because the actual sizes of children increasingly differ from the sample size. Observing the increments in several sizes, we found that 81.8% of the companies used the certain and equal increases for grading sizes in sleeve length, waist, and bust. In addition, 72.7% of the companies adopted the same increments between sizes in height and hip girth, and 63.6% also chose equal increments in T-shirt length for making smaller or bigger sizes from the sample size. However, sleeve length and pant length were the components that displayed the most varied sizing. Interestingly, the few companies that used different increments between size groups, adopted the change only between one or two size groups, instead of all sizes. In conclusion, this research reveals the unsuitability of the current sizing system and the necessity to increase consumer confidence in the size tags on children's wear by modifying the system to reflect the actual growth of children. The results can also contribute to future study on the development of a new and more accurate sizing system for children's wear.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1339-1348
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• 2020

Phytoplankton controls marine ecosystems in terms of nutrients, photosynthetic rate, carbon cycle, etc. and the degree of its influence on the marine environment depends on their physical size. Many studies have been attempted to identify marine phytoplankton size classes using the remote sensing techniques. One of successful approach was the three-component model which estimates the chlorophyll concentrations of three phytoplankton size classes (micro-phytoplankton; >20 ㎛, nano-; 2-20 ㎛ and pico-; <2 ㎛) as a function of total chlorophyll. Here, we examined the applicability of Geostationary Ocean Colour Imager (GOCI) to the mapping of the phytoplankton size class distribution in the East Sea. A fit of the three-component model to a biomarker pigment dataset collected in the study area for some years including a large harmful algal bloom period has been carried out to derive size-fractioned chlorophyll concentration (CHL). The tuned three-component model was applied to the hourly GOCI images to identify the fractions of each phytoplankton size class for the entire CHL. Then, we investigated the distribution of phytoplankton community in terms of the size structure in the East Sea during the harmful Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in the summer of 2013.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.6 s.96
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• pp.67-81
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to evaluate a sizing system of ready-to-wear clothes for middle-school girls. Results of the study are as follows. 1. Results of the survey revealed most middle-school girls preferred garments for women like unisex-casual and young-casual, and prioritized overall style and design over sizing issues. However, when they purchased clothes, they were dissatisfied with the poor fit of ready-to-wear clothing, which is a little too big for average middle-school girls. 2. There is a difference between a brand's target age and its average consumer age. $96.7\%$, of respondents purchased clothes from unisex-casual and young-casual brands, which sizes did not fit for them. Most of these brands had female adults ages 18 to 24 as their targets, whose somatotypes do not correspond with those of girls 12 to 15 years old. 3. Body measurements of those in age groups from 12 to 15 and from 10 to 24 were analyzed to identify physical differences between middle-school girls and female adults, which confirmed the relevance of different sizing systems for each age group. As a result, it is undesirable that middle school girls' clothes are designed in accordance with sizing system for female adults' garments. 4. Using the two-wav distribution of middle school girls' stature-bust circumference for upper garments, and stature-waist circumference for lower garments, this study establishes a sizing system in sections of high frequency. The size intervals of stature and circumference were 5cm and 3cm respectively.