• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2001.04b
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• pp.79-80
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• 2001

This study was conducted to estimate rooting and shooting in single-node cuttings (SNC) of roses 'Rote Rose' and 'Teresa' to several conditions: growth stage, node position, and leaf area of cutting, so that single-stemmed roses (SSR) could be used in rose factory system. There was no effects of growth stage of flowering shoots far cutting on the rooting and shooting of SNC in both of the two cultivars. However, the node position and leaf area of cuttings significantly affected the rooting and shooting of SNC: the speed was accelerated with larger leaf area and upper node cuttings, but the rate showed little difference as above 95%. Based on above results, rooting and shooting in SNC was forced by leaf area mainly, followed by node positions. On the other hand, flowering rate of shoots from SNC was improved mainly with larger leaf area in cuttings. Shoots of 45cm-longer, qualified for rose factory system, increased with lower node and larger leaf area significantly. Therefore, it could be said that the potential growth of shoots from SNC would be influenced mainly by leaf area, followed by node position on cutting.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.252-260
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• 2008

This study was conducted to observe the characteristics of mineral nutrient uptake of single-node cutting rose 'Versilla' and to determine optimal nutrient solution control method for soilless culture of 'Versilla' in a closed hydroponic system. Nutrient solution was managed by five different control methods: macro- and micro-element control in aeroponic system (M&M), macroelement control in aeroponic system (M), nutrient solution supplement in aeroponic system (S); electrical conductivity (EC) control in aeroponic system(EC-A); EC control in deep flow technique system(EC-D). The concentration of $NO_3$-N exceeds optimal range whereas P and Mg decreased at the later stage of plant growth with the EC control method, EC-A and EC-D. The overall mineral nutrient content increased with S. On the other hand the nutrient content at the root environment was maintained optimal with M&M and M. The nutrient solution control methods had significantly effect on the cut-flower quality. In the M&M and M, flower length, fresh weight and root activity were higher than those with the other mineral nutrients control methods. The maximal efficiency of photochemistry (Fv/Fm) was higher for M&M, M and S than that with EC-A and EC-D. Based on the above results, it is highly recommended to control nutrient solution by mineral nutrient control methods (M&M and M) in a closed hydroponic system for single-node cutting rose, 'Versillia'.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.686-693
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• 2012

To develop a technique for mass-propagation of virus-free sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] plant using nutrient film technique (NFT), the growth characteristics of 4 cultivars as affected by nutrient solution composition and cutting size were investigated. 72 cells (35 mL/cell) plug trays filled with vermiculite and perlite (1:1, v/v) were used. Vine length, fresh and dry weights of virus-free plants were the greatest in the nutrient solution recommended by National Horticultural Research Station in Japan, followed by that recommended by National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science in Korea, and Yamazaki's nutrient solution for lettuce. The growth of uppershoot cuttings was the best among 4 subsections of cutting. Vine length, and fresh and dry weights increased in the longer cutting treatments, and were better in 'Shinzami' and 'Yeonhwangmi' than those in 'Mannami' and 'Shincheonmi'. Vine diameter and length of the longest root were not significantly affected by the cutting size and cutting source. The growth characteristics of the single node cutting were not significantly different from those in 2-node cutting. The efficiency of rapid mass-propagation could be promoted with single node cuttings and uppershoot cuttings grown in NFT system.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1208-1214
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• 2009

Sensor networks are vulnerable to data congestion and hot-spot compared with wireless networks. Mobile sink supporting route protocol has such problems as hot-spot and data congestion because agent of cluster node transmits all data packet. Therefore, mobile sink supporting route protocol needs to reduce the number of packets and keep the packets from concentrating on a single node. To solve these problems, we propose mobile sink supporting routing Protocol using agent of cluster node. Cutting down on the number of packets compared with the existing mobile sink supporting routing Protocol, our proposed protocol has reduced both communication overhead and energy consumption.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of rooting and bud break of single-stemmed roses (Rosa hybrida L. 'Rate Rose' and 'Teresa') as affected by axillary bud position and leaf area of cuttings derived from different growth stage of the mother shoots. In fact, both rooting and budbreak of single-stemmed roses were not influenced by growth stage of mother shoots, with showing more than 95% in all treatment related to mother shoot maturity. 'Rote Rose' required 34 days to average rooting and budbreak after cutting, whereas 'Teresa' did only 18 days to budbreak which was 9 days faster than rooting. Rooting and bud break needed more time and showed lower percent as the axillaty bud position for cuttings went down to the base of mother shoots. Especially 'Teresa' showed 12 days of delay to budbreak and 14.4% decrease in budbreak. Also, the increase in leaf area of cuttings accelerated rooting and budbreak, of which the time was shorter and the percent was higher.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.768-776
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• 2010

This study was conducted to predict number and fresh weight of leaves, and total leaf area of a single-stemmed rose 'Vital' based on the accumulated thermal units, and to develop a model of shoot development for the prediction of the time when the flowering shoot reaches a phenological stage in a plant factory system. The base temperature ($T_b$), optimum temperature ($T_{opt}$), and maximum temperature ($T_{max}$) were estimated by regressing the rate of shoot development against the temperature gradient. The rate of shoot development ($R$, $d^{-1}$) for the phase from cutting to bud break (CT-BB) was best described by a linear model $R_b$ ($d^{-1}$) = -0.0089 + $0.0016{\cdot}temp$. The rate of shoot development for the phase from bud break to harvest (BB-HV) was fitted to the parabolic model $R_h$ ($d^{-1}$) = $-0.0001{\cdot}temp^2$ + $0.0054{\cdot}temp$ - 0.0484. The $T_b$, $T_{opt}$, and $T_{max}$ values were 5.56, 27.0, and $42.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. The $T_b$ value was used in the thermal unit computations for the shoot development. Number of leaves, leaf area (LA), and leaf fresh weight showed sigmoidal curves regardless of the cut time. The shoot development and leaf area model was described as a sigmoidal function using thermal units. Leaf area was described as LA = 578.7 $[1+(thermal units/956.1)^{-8.54}]^{-1}$. Estimated and observed shoot length and leaf fresh weight showed a reasonably good fit with 1.060 ($R^2=0.976^{***}$) and 1.043 ($R^2=0.955^{***}$), respectively. The average thermal units required from cutting to transplant and from transplant to harvest stages were $426{\pm}42^{\circ}C{\cdot}d$ and $783{\pm}24^{\circ}C{\cdot}d$, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.212-220
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• 2022

When it comes to single node leafy stem cuttings of rose (Rosa hybrida), environmental management such as air temperature, relative humidity, and light affect productivity. In order to investigate the effect of air temperature and relative humidity on the cutting success rate and rooted cuttings quality, a transparent airtight box was used to implement a closed system. We have also tried to find out the most effective photoperiod and the number of leaflets in closed system using artificial light (white LED, 104.0 µmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux density). The first experiment was conducted for a total of 6 weeks under 4 airtight period conditions. The number of roots and longest root length decreased as the airtight period increased. But there were no significant differences in the survival rate, shooting rate, and rooting rate according to airtight periods. In the second experiment the results indicated that survival and shooting rate were significantly affected by the photoperiod (0/24, 2/22, 4/20, 8/16, and 16/8 h), the number of leaflets (0, 2, and 4 leaflets) of the cuttings and their interaction. The survival rate was the highest in the 16-h day length and 4 leaflets. By considering survival rate and shooting rate with energy efficiency, the 8-h day length and 2 or 4 leaflets were judged to be the most effective.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.4717-4737
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• 2017

Today, smart grids, smart homes, smart water networks, and intelligent transportation, are infrastructure systems that connect our world more than we ever thought possible and are associated with a single concept, the Internet of Things (IoT). The number of devices connected to the IoT and hence the number of traffic flow increases continuously, as well as the emergence of new applications. Although cutting-edge hardware technology can be employed to achieve a fast implementation to handle this huge data streams, there will always be a limit on size of traffic supported by a given architecture. However, recent cloud-based big data technologies fortunately offer an ideal environment to handle this issue. Moreover, the ever-increasing high volume of traffic created on demand presents great challenges for flow management. As a solution, flow aggregation decreases the number of flows needed to be processed by the network. The previous works in the literature prove that most of aggregation strategies designed for smart grids aim at optimizing system operation performance. They consider a common identifier to aggregate traffic on each device, having its independent static aggregation policy. In this paper, we propose a dynamic approach to aggregate flows based on traffic characteristics and device preferences. Our algorithm runs on a big data platform to provide an end-to-end network visibility of flows, which performs high-speed and high-volume computations to identify the clusters of similar flows and aggregate massive number of mice flows into a few meta-flows. Compared with existing solutions, our approach dynamically aggregates large number of such small flows into fewer flows, based on traffic characteristics and access node preferences. Using this approach, we alleviate the problem of processing a large amount of micro flows, and also significantly improve the accuracy of meeting the access node QoS demands. We conducted experiments, using a dataset of up to 100,000 flows, and studied the performance of our algorithm analytically. The experimental results are presented to show the promising effectiveness and scalability of our proposed approach.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of age of transplants, propagated by cutting, of two cut rose (Rosa hybrida Hort.) cultivars on their subsequent growth and yield in an effort to develop an efficient cutting propagation method for domestic rose cultivars. Two cultivars used in this study were a standard type 'Pink Aurora' and a spray type 'Yellow King'. Cuttings were prepared as single node cuttings each with a five-leaflet leaf and were stuck in rockwool cubes ($5cm{\times}5cm{\times}5cm$, UR, Korea) at two different dates. Cuttings rooted for either 30 (stuck on Jan. 20, 2009) or 48 days (stuck on Jan. 2, 2009) were transplanted into a rockwool slabs ($10cm{\times}15cm{\times}100cm$, UR, Korea) on the same date, 18 Feb. 2009. Plant growth and cut flower quality were investigated for two successive harvests during the period of Jan. to July in 2009. In both cultivars, 48 days old plants showed some growth of the shoot and root before transplanting. However, in the case of 30 days old plants before transplanting no noticeable growth of the shoot and root was obserable in 'Pink Aurora', while only shoot growth, but not root growth to the bottom of the rooting medium, was observed in 'Yellow King'. This suggested cultivar-specific responses that in this experiment a spray type 'Yellow King' showed greater growth rate during the rooting stage than a standard type 'Pink Aurora'. In the measurement of growth and cut flower yield after transplanting, the 48 days old standard type 'Pink Aurora' produced greater number of cut flowers per plant than 30 days old plants, whereas their mean stem fresh weight was recorded smaller than that of the 30 days old plants. For 'Yellow King', 30 days old plants showed greater stem length, flower width, number of five-leaflet leaves per stem, stem fresh weight, and number of cut flowers per plant than 48 days old plants. Therefore, growth and yield were significantly affected by cultivar and age of the rooted cutting, and additional research is needed on the effect of age of rooted cuttings in more cultivars.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.456-461
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• 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of topophysis, and uniting method of rootstock and scion on rooting and subsequent growth of stenting-propagated cut rose ($Rosa$ $hybrida$ Hort.) in an effort to develop an efficient stenting propagation method for domestic rose cultivars. Four cultivars used in this study were two standard type cultivars 'Sweet Yellow' and 'Hanmaum', and two spray type cultivars 'Chelsi' and 'May'. Scions were grafted on cuttings of a rootstock $Rosa$ $indica$ 'Major'. The stenting-propagated scion-rootstock unions were planted in rockwool cubes ($50{\times}50{\times}50mm$, Delta, Grodan, Denmark) and were placed in a graft-take chamber for five days before being placed on misted greenhouse beds. The rootstock was removed of all leaves and nodes. Both the base of scions and top of stocks were simultaneously cut at a $45^{\circ}$ angle for grafting. Scions were prepared as single node cuttings, each with a five-leaflet leaf. Three positions of topophysis used were 7-9th (top), 4-6th (middle), and 1st-3rd (bottom) nodes from the stem base. Four uniting materials used were tube, tube + parafilm wrap, tube + clothespin, and clothespin. Rooting and growth were affected by the topophysis and cultivar. The best topophysis for rooting was 7-9th (top) nodes in all cultivars. Topophysis affected percent rooting, and number of roots, length of the longest root, and but not weight, shoot length and graft-take. Rooting and growth were affected by the uniting method and cultivar. Tube uniting method generally showed higher percentage graft-take, percent rooting, and number of roots than other methods. However, rootstock and scion union was not complete in this treatment. On the whole, the greatest rooting and subsequent growth of stenting-propagated plants were found in the tube + clothespin method. Except 'Sweet Yellow', rooting and growth were not adequate in the clothespin method. The results suggested that a tube + clothespin method was the most effective, and this method may be used as a substitute to save labor compared to a tube + parafilm wrap method which is currently being used in commercial nurseries.