• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.599-609
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity and safety of Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) and fermented Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) extracts in male and female ICR mice. Methods : In the single oral dose toxicity study, non-fermented and fermented Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) were administered to male and female ICR mice as an oral dose of 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg. Changes of body weights, general behaviors, adverse effects and mortality were determined throughout the experimental period. Hematological parameters, serum chemistry, organ weights and necropsy findings were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results : There was no mortality or sign of toxicity in the single oral dose toxicity study. There were also no significant differences in body weights, organ weights, and hematological parameters, serum chemistry values between treatment and control groups. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose of fermented Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi -tang) in both female and male mice can be considered as well over 5,000 mg/kg, so these medicines can be safe in clinics.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2009

The object of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity of Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan (LMF) in male and female rats. LMF was administered to female and male SD rats as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body wt.). Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation organ weight and histopathology of 14 principle organs were examined upon necropsy. As the results, no LMF treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological observations against 14 principle organs were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg in both female and male rats except for some sporadic findings not LMF treatment related toxicological signs. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ (50% lethal dose) and approximate LD of LMF after single oral treatment in female and male rats were considered over 2,000 mg/kg - the limited dosages recommended by KFDA Guidelines [2005-60, 2005], respectively.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2011

The object of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity of platycodin D, a saponin from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum in male and female mice. Platycodin D was administered to female and male mice as an oral dose of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg (body wt.). Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after treatment, upon necropsy, organ weight and histopathology of 14 principle organs were examined. As the results, no platycodin D treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological observations against 14 principle organs were detected up to 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ (50% lethal dose) and approximate LD of playtcodin D after single oral treatment in female and male mice were considered over 2000 mg/kg - the limited dosages recommended by KFDA Guidelines [2009-116, 2009], respectively.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.349-361
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity and four weeks repeated dose determination of Gamisasangja-tang (GST) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : In the single oral toxicity study, rats were orally administered a single dose of 0 and 5,000 mg/kg GST. There were 5 rats in each group. After single administration, mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross pathological finding were observed for 14 days. In the 4-weeks repeated oral dose determination study, rats were orally administered a single dose of 0, 1,250, 2,500 or 5,000 mg/kg GST. There were 5 rats in each group. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption and gross pathological finding were observed for 28 days. Organ weight, clinical chemistry and hematology were tested after 28 days. Results : There was no mortality in either of the two studies. There were also no significant differences in clinical sign, body weight, organ weights, hematological or serum chemical parameters between the GST and control groups. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose of GST is over 5,000 mg/kg, so this finding would be expected to provide scientific evidence for the safety of GST.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.450-455
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• 2008

A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is a small genetic change or variation that can occur within a DNA sequence. It's the difference of one base at specific base pair position. SNP variation occurs when a single nucleotide, such as an A, replaces one of the other three nucleotide letters-C, G, or T. On average, SNP occur in the human population more than 1 percent of the time. They occur once in every 300 nucleotides on average, which means there are roughly 10 million SNPs in the human genome. Because SNPs occur frequently throughout the genome and tend to be relatively stable genetically, they serve as excellent biological markers. They can help scientists locate genes that are associated with disease such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes. They can also be used to track the inheritance of disease genes within families. SNPs may also be associated with absorbance and clearance of therapeutic agents. In the future, the most appropriate drug for an individual could be determined in advance of treatment by analyzing a patient's SNP profile. This pharmacogenetic strategy heralds an era in which the choice of drugs for a particular patient will be based on evidence rather than trial and error (so called "personalized medicine").

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.127-130
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• 2016

This clinical note introduces a method to assist surgeons in performing single-tooth dento-osseous osteotomy. For use in this method, a surgical guide was manufactured using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology and was based on preoperative surgical simulation data. This method was highly conducive to successful single-tooth dento-osseous segmental osteotomy.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2010

This study was conducted to obtain acute information of the oral dose toxicity of DHU001, a polyherbal formula in male and female mice. In order to calculated 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (LD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 0 (vehicle control) ml/kg (body weight). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs, gross observation, organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after treatment with DHU001. We could not find any mortalities, DHU001 treatment-related clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of DHU001 were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.140-142
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate an single dose oral toxicity of a new hepatotherapeutic agent GODEX (HEPADIF-S) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Male and female rats were administered dosages of 5, 2.5, 1.25 ,0.625, 0.3125, and 0 g/kg B.W. of GODEX, respectively. After single oral administration of GODEX to rats, we observed them daily for 2 weeks. GODEX slid not induce any toxic signs in the mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes, and gross necropsy findings of rats. Based on these results, it is concluded that GODEX may have no side effect and its LD$_{50}$ value may be over 5 g/kg B.W, in rats.s.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.185-197
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed at investigating the meal regularity, health, and oral health habits of single Korean households to understand the impact of these factors on the risk of metabolic syndrome, in addition to preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. Methods: Using raw data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019), 274 study subjects, aged 19 to 64, were selected primarily from single adult households. Complex sample statistical analysis was performed using the Predictive Analytics Software Statistics ver. 18.0 program. Results: Regarding the meal regularity in single-person households in Korea, the younger group outperformed the middle-aged group, and those who drank more than once a month performed better than those who drank less than once a month. In terms of oral health, regardless of the age and the income level, participants who ate three meals a day had a higher rate of speech problems and chewing difficulties than those who ate irregularly or regularly on a regular day. Factors influencing the risk of developing metabolic syndrome were age, speech problems, and frequency of toothbrushing. Compared to the younger group, there were 0.361 times more people in the middle-aged group; and compared to those without speech problems, there were 1.161 more people with speech problem. Compared to those who tooth brushed more than four times a day, there were 1.284 more people who tooth brushed 2 to 3 times a day and there were 5.673 times more people who tooth brushed less than once. Conclusion: Based on the study results, it is necessary to implement a program that can plan and apply customized management measures and prevent metabolic syndrome by improving and correcting the health and oral health behaviors of single-person households in Korea. Therefore, active mediation measures, such as support and publicity at the local or national level, should be planned.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.281-292
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the single and 5 week oral dose toxicity of calcitriol and alendronate combination (1 : 10,000) treatment for osteoporosis or Paget's disease in male and female rats. In single dose oral toxicity study, the values of $LD_{50}$ of calcitriol and alendronate mixture were 750.075 mg/kg in male rats and 775.0775 mg/kg in female rats, respectively. Body weight and food consumption were continuously increased after adminstration of calcitriol and alendronate mixtures, and there was no significant changes in body weight and food consumption in all groups. In five-week oral toxicity study of calcitriol and alendronate mixture at a dose of 0.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 2 mg, 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 10 mg, 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 50 mg and 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 250 mg, respectively, there was no mortality, abnormal behavior and appearance in all groups throughout the administration period (5 weeks) and recovery period (2 weeks). Dose-dependent changes in parameters of urinalysis and hematological analysis were not observed in male and female rats treated with calcitriol and alendronate mixtures. All the values of the parameters appeared to be in the normal range. These data indicate that both calcitriol and alendronate are drugs having low toxicity in rats. NOAEL of calcitriol and alendronate mixtures were 50.005 mg/kg in 5-week oral toxicity.