• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2000

This paper proposes new cost error measurement method and analyzes the optimistic and pessimistic cost errors statistically which is resulted from an asynchronous parallel Simulated annealing (SA) in distributed memory multicomputers. The traditional cost error measurement scheme has inherent problems which are corrected in the new method. At each temperature the new method predicts the amount of cost error that an algorithm will tolerate and still converge by the hill-climbing nature of SA. This method also explains three interesting phenomenon of he cost error analytically. So the new cost error measurement method provides a single mechanism for the occurrence of cost error and its control.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.650-659
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• 2021

Multi-carrier waveforms have several advantages over single-carrier waveforms for radar communication. Employing multi-carrier complementary phase-coded (MCPC) waveforms in radar applications has recently attracted significant attention. MCPC radar signals take advantage of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing properties, and several authors have explored the use of MCPC signals and the difficulties associated with their implementation. The sidelobe level and peak-to-mean-envelope-power ratio (PMEPR) are the key issues that must be addressed to improve the performance of radar signals. We propose a scheme that applies pattern-based scaling and geometric progression methods to enhance sidelobe and PMEPR levels in MCPC radar signals. Numerical results demonstrate the improvement of sidelobe and PMEPR levels in the proposed scheme. Additionally, autocorrelations are obtained and analyzed by applying the proposed scheme in extensive simulation experiments.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2010

본 논문은 골재부착력(aggregate retention) 평가를 통해서 칩실(chip seal)에서 사용되는 롤러 종류의 기초적인 연구 결과를 설명하고 있다. 입도 78M의 화강암 골재와 CRS-2 이멀젼(emulsion)을 사용하여 single layer 칩실 테스트 구간을 시공하였으며, 3개의 다른 롤러 종류를 사용하였다. 사용된 롤러 종류는 pneumatic tire roller, steel wheel roller, and combination roller를 사용하였다. 세 종류의 롤러의 성능을 효과적으로 연구하기 위해서는 시공현장으로부터 직접 테스트용 시편을 얻는 것이 매우 중요하기 때문에, 노스캐롤라이나 주, Bailey에 있는 New Sandy Hill Church Road에서 테스트 구간 설정하고 일반적인 노스캐롤라이나 주의 칩실시공 절차에 준하여 시공을 실시하였다. 테스트 구간에서 제작된 시편들을 실험실로 옮겨서 골재부착력(aggregate retention) 성능평가를 실시하였다. 골재의 부착력을 평가하기 위해서 flip-over test(FOT), Vialit test, and the third-scale Model Mobile Loading Simulator (MMLS3) 시험방법들을 채택하였다. 세 가지의 시험결과들과 시험시공 현장에서 관측된 육안조사를 통해서 다음과 같은 롤러 종류와 순서를 추천하게 되었다. pneumatic tire roller 와 combination roller를 함께 사용하며 처음에 pneumatic tire roller가 다짐을 한 뒤에 그 뒤를 combination roller가 다짐하는 순서로 다짐작업을 함으로써 칩실의 성능이 향상 되리라 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.165-175
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• 2001

Background: Recent in vivo experimental evidence suggests that isoflurane-induced cardioprotection may involve $K_{ATP}$ channel activation. However, it was demonstrated that isoflurane inhibited $K_{ATP}$ channel activities in the inside-out patch mode. To explain this discrepancy, the present investigation tested the hypothesis that a metabolite of isoflurane, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), contributes to isoflurnae-induced cardioprotection via $K_{ATP}$ channel activation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: Single ventricular myocytes were isolated from rabbit hearts by an enzymatic dissociation procedure. Patch-clamp techniques were used to record single-channel currents. $K_{ATP}$ channel activities were assessed before and after the application of TFA with the inside-out patch mode. Results: TFA enhanced channel activity in a concentration-dependent fashion. The concentration of TFA for half-maximal activation and the Hill coefficient were 0.03 mM and 1.2, respectively. TFA did not affect the single channel conductance of $K_{ATP}$ channels. Analysis of open and closed time distributions showed that TFA increased burst duration and decreased the interburst interval without changes in open and closed time distributions shorter than 5 ms. TFA diminished ATP sensitivity of $K_{ATP}$ channels in a concentration-response relationship for ATP. Conclusions: TFA, a metabolite of isoflurane, enhanced $K_{ATP}$ channel activity in a concentration-dependent fashion. These results imply that TFA could mediate isoflurane-induced cardioprotection via $K_{ATP}$ channel activation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.53-65
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• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 1981년(年)부터 1984년(年)까지 4개년(個年)에 걸쳐 울산공업단지주변(蔚山工業團地周邊) 21 개지점(個地點)에서 수행(遂行)되었다. 대기중(大氣中) 황화물(黃化物) 및 불화물(弗化物)이 수도(水稻)의 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위해 수도(水稻)의 수량구성요소(收量構成要素), 수량(收量), 대기중(大氣中)의 류황산화물(硫黃酸化物), 엽내류황(葉內硫黃) 및 불소함량(弗素含量), 엽피해율(葉被害率)을 조사(調査)하여 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 수도(水稻)의 수량(收量)에 대(對)한 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)의 기여율(寄與率)은 주당수수(株當穗數)의 기여율(寄與率)이 매년(每年) 제일 높았으며, 타(他) 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)들의 기여율(寄與率)은 주당수수(株當穗數)보다 현저히 낮았고, 이들의 기여정도(寄與程度)는 조사년도(調査年度)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있었다. 2. 수량(收量)과 주당수수(株當穗數) 및 등열율(登熱率)에 대(對)해서는 매년(每年) 엽내불소함량(葉內弗素含量)에 의한 영향도(影響度)는 엽내류황(葉內硫黃)에 의한 것보다 크고, 수당입수(穗當粒數)에 대(對)한 엽내류황(葉內硫黃)과 불소(弗素)에 의한 영향도(影響度)는 조사년도(調査年度)에 따라 일정(一定)한 경향(傾向)이 없었으며, 이들 오염지표(汚染指標)와 천립중간(千粒重間)에는 상관(相關)의 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 그리고 수량(收量) 및 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)에 대(對)한 월별(月別) 오염물(汚染物)이 영향(影響)은 조사연도(調査年度)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있었으며, 매년(每年) 주당수수(株當穗數)의 감소(減少)에 가장 큰 영향(影響)을 미친 월별(月別) 오염물(汚染物)이 최종수량(最終收量)의 감소(減少)에도 가장 영향(影響)이 컸다. 3. 수도(水稻)의 수량추정(收量推定)에 적용(適用)할 오염지표(汚染指標)를 선정(選定)할 때 월별(月別) 엽내류황(葉內硫黃) 및 불소함량(弗素含量)과 엽피해율(葉被害率)을 함께 적용(適用)하는 것이 PSS 값이 제일 낮았다. 그리고 PSS에 의해 선정(選定)된 오염지표(汚染指標)를 이용(利用)하여 만든 회귀식(回歸式)에 의한 예측수량(豫測收量)과 실측수량간(實測收量間)에는 높은 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정(認定)되었다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.120-129
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• 2002

An integrated structure and controller design approach for rotating cantilever beam is presented. An optimization method is developed for improving positioning performance considering the elastic deformations during high speed rotation and adopting the beam shape and the control gains as design variables. For this end, a dynamic model is setup by the finite element method according to the shape of the beam. The mass and stiffness of the beam are distributed in such a way that the closed-loop poles of the control system should be located leftmost in the complex s-plane. For optimization method, the simulated annealing method is employed which has higher probability to find the global minimum than the gradient-based down-hill methods. Sequential design and simultaneous design methods are proposed to obtain the optimal shape and controller. Simulations are performed with new designs by the two methods to verify the effectiveness of the approach and the results show that the settling time is improved for point-to-point position controls.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1210-1216
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to establish the analysis method for prediction of temperature during cryogenic heat treatment. Experimental cryogenic heat treatment is conducted to observe the phenomena such as boiling of fluid, ice layer on the material surface and to measure the temperature distribution of Al6061 tube. The CFD analysis considering the observed phenomena in the experiment is performed to predict the temperature distribution and convection heat transfer coefficient at each stage of cryogenic heat treatment, in which the boiling of fluid is considered as the multi-phase condition of vapour and liquid. The formation of ice layer on the tube surface is also modeled between material and fluid. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental ones. From the results, it is shown that the analysis method can predict the temperature distribution and convection heat transfer coefficient during cryogenic heat treatment.

• 약학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.220-229
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• 1992

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the dog unpregant uterus were characterized using $[^3H]quinuclidinyl$ benzilate(QNB) as a radioligand and the binding of muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists in the uterus was compared to that in the urinary bladder which contains almost exclusively the M2 receptors in order to determine the receptor subtypes in the uterus. $[^3H]QNB$ binding to uterus and bladder was rapid, saturable and reversible. Scatchard analysis of the saturation data gave linear plots and the Hill coefficients were close to unit, which indicated that each preparation contained a single population of specific binding sites for $[^3H]QNB$. The KD values(120 pM) for QNB were almost identical in both organs, whereas the $B_{max}$ value of 256 fmol/mg protein in the uterus was significantly different from that of 563 fmol/mg protein in the bladder. Muscarinic agonists and antagonists inhibited in a competitive manner the $[^3H]QNB$ binding to the same extent in both organs. The competition binding studies using antagonists(atropine and pirenzepine) exhibited a single binding site and this site had a low affinity for pirenzepine with the Ki value of about 330 nM. However, high and low affinity binding sites were observed with carbachol, methacholine and oxotremorine. These binding studies with agonists and antagonists did not show any differences in drug affinities between uterus and bladder. These results indicate that the muscarinic receptors in the uterus are M2 receptors which have a low affinity for pirenzepine.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1974

수도(水稻)에 대한 질소질비료(窒素質肥料)의 분시효과(分施効果)와 시용시기(施用時期)에 따른 비료(肥料)의 흡수율(吸收率)과 흡수(吸收)된 비료(肥料)의 수도체내(水稻體內)에서의 분포(分布)를 조사(調査)키 위하여 정보당(町步當) 10kg의 질소질비료(窒素質肥料)를 전양기비(全量基肥)와 생육시기(生育時期)에 따라 4회(回)에 나누어서 분시(分施)한 시험결과(試驗結果)는 다음과 같다. 사용한 질소질비료(窒素質肥料)는 중질소(重窒素)로 표식(標識)된 유산암모니아를 사용(使用)한 시험결과(試驗結果)이다. 1. 질소질비료(窒素質肥料)의 분시효과(分施效果)가 컸다. 질소전량기비구(窒素全量基肥區)의 해미(亥米) 수량(收量) 3.1 ton/ha에 대하여 분시구(分施區) 3.4 ton/ha이었고 질소결제구(窒素缺制區)는 1.9ton/ha었다. 2. 수당입수(穗當粒數)와 천입중(千粒重)은 분시구(分施區)가 높았고 주당수수(株當穗數)와 등숙비(登熟比)는 전량기비구(全量基肥區)가 높았다. 3. 기비(基肥), 1차추비(追肥), 2차추비(追肥)와 3차추비(追肥)로 시용(施用)한 질소질비료(窒素質肥料)의 흡수율(吸收率)은 각각 28%, 33%, 51%와 63%였다. 4. 경엽중(莖葉中)에 함유(含有)되었던 질소(窒素)가 출수(出穗)이후 이삭 부분으로 이동(移動)되며 지엽발생기(止葉發生期)에 시비(施肥)한 질소(窒素)가 제일 많이 이삭쪽에 분포(分布)되었다.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1994년도 춘계학술대회 and 제3회 신약개발 연구발표회
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• pp.290-290
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• 1994

The binding characteristic of oxomemazine to muscarinic receptor in the cerebrum, heart, and ileum were compared to those of pirenzepine to investigate whether oxomemazine could classify the muscarinic receptor subtypes. 〔$^3$H〕Quinucl idinyl benzilate(QNB) identified a single class of muscarinic receptors with apparent K$\sub$D/ value of about 60 pM in three tissues. Analysis of the pirenzepine inhibition curve of 〔$^3$H〕QNB binding to cerebral microsome indicated the presence of two receptor subtypes with high (Ki=16 nM, M$_1$-receptor) and low (Ki=400 nM, M$_2$-receptor) affinity for pirenzepine. Oxomemazine also identified two receptor subtypes with high (Ki=84 nM, On-receptor) and low (Ki=1 4 ${\mu}$M, O$\sub$L/-receptor) affinity in rat cerebral microsome, The percentage population of the M$_1$-and M$_2$-receptors to the total receptors were 61 : 39, and those of the O$\^$H/- and O$\sub$L/-receptors 39 : 61, respectively, However, the Hill coefficients of these two drugs for the inhibition of 〔$^3$H〕QNB binding to the heart and ileum were close to unity which indicated that these drugs bound to a uniform population of receptors in these two tissues. The Ki values for the low affinity sites of pirenzepine and oxomemazine in the cerebrum were similar to those of these drugs in the heart ileum. Both pirenzepine and oxomemazine increased K$\sub$D/ value for 〔$^3$H〕QNB without affecting the binding sites concentration and Hill coefficient for the 〔$^3$H〕QNB binding. Oxomemazine had a 10-fold lower affinity at Ma-receptors than at M$_1$-receptors, and pirenzepine a 8-fold lower affinity at O$\sub$L/-receptors than OH-receptors. Analysis of the shal low competition curves of oxomemazine for the H$_1$ receptors and pirenzepine for the O$\sub$L/-receptors yielded that 69% of the M$_1$-receptors were of the O$\sub$H/-receptors and the remaining 31% of the O$\sub$L/-receptors, and that 29% of the O$\sub$L/-receptors were of the M$_1$-receptors and 71% of the M$_2$-receptors. However, M$_2$ for oxomemazine and O$\sub$H/ for pirenzepine were composed of a uniform population. These results suggest that oxomemazine could discriminatethe muscarnic receptor subtypes and may subclassify the M$_1$-receptors into two subtypes.