• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.4776-4798
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• 2015

The location selection of virtual machines in distributed cloud is difficult because of the physical resource distribution, allocation of multi-dimensional resources, and resource unit cost. In this study, we propose a multi-object virtual machine location selection algorithm (MOVMLSA) based on group information, doubly linked list structure and genetic algorithm. On the basis of the collaboration of multi-dimensional resources, a fitness function is designed using fuzzy logic control parameters, which can be used to optimize search space solutions. In the location selection process, an orderly information code based on group and resource information can be generated by adopting the memory mechanism of biological immune systems. This approach, along with the dominant elite strategy, enables the updating of the population. The tournament selection method is used to optimize the operator mechanisms of the single-point crossover and X-point mutation during the population selection. Such a method can be used to obtain an optimal solution for the rapid location selection of virtual machines. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective in reducing the number of used physical machines and in improving the resource utilization of physical machines. The algorithm improves the utilization degree of multi-dimensional resource synergy and reduces the comprehensive unit cost of resources.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.713-724
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• 2013

In terms of waste load allocation, inequality of waste load discharge must be considered as well as economic aspects such as minimization of waste load abatement. The inequality of waste load discharge between areas was calculated with Gini coefficient and was included as one of the objective functions of the multi-objective waste load allocation. In the past, multi-objective functions were usually weighted and then transformed into a single objective optimization problem. Recently, however, due to the difficulties of applying weighting factors, multi-objective genetic algorithms (GA) that require only one execution for optimization is being developed. This study analyzes multi-objective waste load allocation using NSGA-II-aJG that applies Pareto-dominance theory and it's adaptation of jumping gene. A sensitivity analysis was conducted for the parameters that have significant influence on the solution of multi-objective GA such as population size, crossover probability, mutation probability, length of chromosome, jumping gene probability. Among the five aforementioned parameters, mutation probability turned out to be the most sensitive parameter towards the objective function of minimization of waste load abatement. Spacing and maximum spread are indexes that show the distribution and range of optimum solution, and these two values were the optimum or near optimal values for the selected parameter values to minimize waste load abatement.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

Carcadian rhythm dependence of vancomycin pharmacokinetics was evaluated in 5 normal volunteers receiving a single intravenous 1.0 g dose of vancomycin at 8 o'clock in the morning and another occasion at 8 o'clock in the evening in a crossover manner. The serum data were subjected to simultaneous computer nonlinear least squares regression analysis using a two-compartment pbarmacokinetic model. The mean half-life of vancomycin was $4.78\pm0.81$ hr in the morning and $4.25\pm0.51$ hr in the evening. The mean total body clearance of vancomycin was $1.29\pm0.58$ hr in the morning and $5.58\pm0.48$ hr in the evening. No circadian rhythm was found to be apparent in normal volunteers. The mean in intrasubject difference in the half-life between 8 A.M. and 8 P.M. was $15.4\%$ with fluctuations ranging from $10.4\sim33.8\%$, It is reasonable to consider individual circadian rhythm for effective dosage regimen of vancomycin in clinical chronotherapeutics.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.331-341
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• 2011

This paper considers an inbound lot-sizing and outbound dispatching problem for a single product in a thirdparty logistics (3PL) distribution center. Demands are dynamic and finite over the discrete time horizon, and moreover, each demand has a delivery time window which is the time interval with the dates between the earliest and the latest delivery dates All the product amounts must be delivered to the customer in the time window. Ordered products are shipped by multiple vehicle types and the freight cost is proportional to the vehicle-types and the number of vehicles used. First, we formulate a mixed integer programming model. Since it is difficult to solve the model as the size of real problem being very large, we design a conventional genetic algorithm with a local search heuristic (HGA) and an improved genetic algorithm called adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA). AGA spontaneously adjusts crossover and mutation rate depending upon the status of current population. Finally, we conduct some computational experiments to evaluate the performance of AGA with HGA.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.80-86
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• 1994

The bioavailability of digoxin generic tablets manufactures in Korea (formulations A & B) wwere compared to a standard (formulation C; Lanoxin brand digoxin, Burroughs Wellcome, USA) in 12 healthy Korean male volunteers (mean age 31.4 years) in a single dose, randomized, complete block crossover study. Using a latin square design, each of the subjects was randomized to the order number and allocated to each of the three treatments of 0.5mg oral digoxin. Digoxin conc4ntrations in serum and urine samples collected for 48 hours after dosing were measured by fluoprescence polarization immunoassy and radioimmunoassy, respectively. Treatments were compared by using nonlinear least squares regession analysis to evaluate the following pharmacokinetic parameters : maximum serum concentation $(C_{max})$; time of maximum serum concentation $(T_{max})$; area under the serum concentration-time curve $AUC_{0-12}$, $C_{max}$\;and\;(AUC_{0-12})$; and cummulative urinary excretion for 0-48 hours $(CLE_{0-48}.\;Mean\;AUC_{0-12},\;C_{max},\;and\;CUE_{0-48}$ values for formulations B and C were significantly different from formulation A (P<0.001), but not significantly diffeerent form each other. Basede on $AUL_{0-12}\;and\;CUE_{0-48}$ respectively, the relative availability of formulation B was 87.5% and 89.6% and the relative availability of formultation A was 43% and 35% when compared to formulation C(the standard).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2013

The present study was planned to evaluate the bioequivalence of two commercial formulations of enrofloxacin, which have been marketed as 10% injectable solution after intramuscular administration at a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to 12 clinically healthy goats The study was carried out on the basis of crossover design. The two formulations were: Baytril as a reference product and Spectrama Vet as a test product. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector. The pharmacokinetics of that data was performed using non-compartmental analysis. The maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$), time to reach peak concentration ($T_{max}$), area under concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination half-life ($t_{0.5el}$) were 1.14 and $1.05{\mu}g/mL$, 0.79 and 0.83 h, 5.70 and $5.79{\mu}g.h/mL$, 5.19 and 5.39 h for Baytril and Spectrama Vet, respectively. The 90% confidence interval for the mean ratio of $T_{max}$, $C_{max}$ and AUC were 94.72-116.2, 87.88-97.16 and 86.44-118.72%, respectively. These values falls within the European Medicines Agency bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125% for both $T_{max}$ and AUC and between 75-133% for $C_{max}$. In conclusion, Spectrama-Vet is bioequivalent to Baytril and both products can be used as interchangeable drug in veterinary medicine practice.

• 약학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.308-314
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• 2000

Logarithmic transformation of pharmacokinetic parameters is routinely used in bioequivalence studies based on pharmacokinetic and statistical grounds by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP), and Japanese National Institute of Health and Science (NIHS). Although it has not yet been recommended by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA), its use is becoming increasingly necessary in order to harmonize with international standards. In the present study, statistical procedures for the analysis of a bioequivalence based on the log transformation and a related SAS procedure were demonstrated in order to aid the understanding and application. The AUC parameters used in this demonstration were taken from the previous bioequivalence study for two aceclofenac tablets, which were performed in a single-dose crossover design. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), statistical power to detect 20% difference between the tablets, minimum detectable difference and confidence intervals were all assessed following log-transformation of the data. Bioequivalence of two aceclofenac tablets was then estimated based on the guideline of FDA. Considering the international effort for harmaonization of guidelines for bioequivalence tests, this approach may require a further evaluation for a future adaptation in the Korea Guidelines of Bioequivalence Tests (KGBT).

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2003

Arylsulfatase를 암호화하는 Neurospora crassa의 ars-1 유전자는 황의 결핍에 의해서 발현이 조절된다. lacZ 유전자에 연결된 ars-1 프로모터 (Pars)가 N. crassa RLM 35-35 a his-3 inl 균주에 형질전환되고, 유사 서열 재조합에 의한 단일 교차에 의해서 염색체의 his-3 부위로 도입이 되었다. 황이 결여된 Vogel의 배지에서 자란 균사로부터 $\beta$-galactosidase 활성이 측정되었다. $\beta$-galactosidase 활성은 derepression 조건으로 변환한지 14 시간 후에 최고치를 기록하였다. Microconidiation에 의해서 생산된 homokaryon에서 측정된 활성은 heterokaryon보다 17% 증가가 되었음을 보여주었다. 이 실험은 ars-1 프로모터의 발현율을 측정할 수 있는 한 방법을 제시한 것으로, 보다 수월한 ars-1 발현 조절 연구가 기능할 것이다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.587-592
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• 1992

Sheets of SiC-SiC whisker maxed matrix were prepared from the mixed slurry of SiC whisker and SiC matrix by the rolling method. With the increase of SiC whisker, the pore size, the porosity and the phosphoric acid absorbency of the matrix were increased, while the bubble pressure was decreased. The activation energy for the transfer of H+ ion was decreased with the increase of mixing ratio of SiC whisker to the SiC matrix from the measurement of hydrogen ion conductivity. The activation energy was evaluated as 0.25 eV when the mixing ratio of SiC whisker to the SiC matrix was 1 : 2 and the activation energy was 0.16 eV for the 2 : 1 matrix. It means that SiC whisker matrix contributes to attain a better microstructure for the diffusion of hydrogen ion. From the measurement of single cell performance of matrix with various mixing ratio, it is concluded that if SiC-SiC whisker maxed matrix has a sufficient bubble pressure to prevent the crossover of H2 gas, the current density of a fuel cell is increased with the increase of acid absorbency of the matrix. Current density was improved from 140 mA/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 0.25 mm thickness of matrix to 170 mA/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for the 0.20 mm one at 700 mV.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2005

We examined the effects of food on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of fenofibrate released from sustained-release(SR) capsule as therapy for hypolipidemia. Twenty-four healthy volunteers were used in $3{\times}3$ crossover pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study; Additional six volunteers were used as a control group (i.e., no fenofibrate administration). A single dose of fenofibrate (SR capsule, 250 mg) was administered on three occasions: after overnight fasting, after consumption of a standard breakfast, and after a high-fat breakfast. Serial blood samples were collected for the next 72 hours. Plasma fenofibric acid concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using ADAPT II program. Plsama triglyceride concentrations were measured by blood chemistry analyzer (CH-100). The pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly affected by food intake. The high-fat breakfast affected the rate of absorption of fenofibrate more than did the standard breakfast and fasted conditions. Plasma concentrations of triglyceride at 24 hours decreased significantly after the administration of fenofibrate compared with the concentration at 0 hours(P<0.05). In healthy volunteers, the bioavailability of fenofibrate was greater when administered via sustained-release capsules immediately after the consumption of food than after fasting condition.