• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.676-680
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• 2010

Most TCOs such as ITO, AZO(Al-doped ZnO), FTO(F-doped $SnO_2$) etc., which have been widely used in LCD, touch panel, solar cell, and organic LEDs etc. as transparent electrode material reveal n-type conductivity. But in order to realize transparent circuit, transparent p-n junction, and introduction of transparent p-type materials are prerequisite. Additional prerequisite condition is optical transparency in visible spectral region. Oxide based materials usually have a wide optical bandgap more than ~3.0 eV. In this study, single-phase transparent semiconductor of $SrCu_2O_2$, which shows p-type conductivity, have been synthesized by 2-step solid state reaction at $950^{\circ}C$ under $N_2$ atmosphere, and single-phase $SrCu_2O_2$ thin films of p-type TCOs have been deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on alkali-free glass substrate from single-phase target at $500^{\circ}C$, 1% $H_2$/(Ar + $H_2$) atmosphere. 3% $H_2$/(Ar + $H_2$) resulted in formation of second phases. Hall measurements confirmed the p-type nature of the fabricated $SrCu_2O_2$ thin films. The electrical conductivity, mobility of carrier and carrier density $5.27{\times}10^{-2}S/cm$, $2.2cm^2$/Vs, $1.53{\times}10^{17}/cm^3$ a room temperature, respectively. Transmittance and optical band-gap of the $SrCu_2O_2$ thin films revealed 62% at 550 nm and 3.28 eV. The electrical and optical properties of the obtained $SrCu_2O_2$ thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering were compared with those deposited by PLD and e-beam.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.782-798
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• 1996

This study was a survey done for the purpose of constructing a nursing theory according to Korean culture and to identify the traditional Korean view of humans and the expectations of the sick role, and to confirm changes from the traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick role according to general characteristics of the population. The subjects were all adults over 18 years old. 517 who lived in six large cities and 191 who lived in five rural communities. Data collection was done from November 19th, 1994 to January 19th, 1995 using a tool to measure the traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick role which was developed by the investigator through a literature review. Collected data were analyzed using frequency, percent, Cronbach alpha, 1-test, F-test and Scheffe post hoc contrasts, with the SAS program. The results of this study are summerized as follows : 1. The Traditional view of human score for all subject was 49.92, which shows that Korean traditional view of human is moderate. High scored items were "human need to live by making harmony with nature, not by overcoming the nature" (3.44), "Filial duty to parents and elders is important" (3.31), "Think of family more than a individual" (2.96). 2. The differences in the traditional view of humans between residential districts showed that the residents of Chungbuk(56.00), Kyungbuk(55.26), Chonbuk(51.32), Taegu(50.59) had a more traditional view of humans than those in Pusan(45.42) and Seoul (47.27). 3. The differences in the traditional view of humans according to general characteristics showed that rural community residents, males, older people, people with lower levels of education, married and house-resident groups had a significantly higher traditional view of humans than urban residents, females, younger people, people with a higher levels of education, single and apartment-resident groups. There were differences according to religion and job. Buddhism had a higher traditional view of humans than those of atheism, Christianity and Catholicism and physical workers, a significantly highers score, than technicians and professional workers. 4. Daily expected task performance during illnesses was lowest for patients with stroke (2.16) and psychosis(2.40), in which case almost no daily general tasks were expected, followed by arthritis 4.06, peptic ulcer 4.79, headache 4.99 and cough 5.58. The amount of expected role exemption during illnesses was also highest for stroke(2.25), followed by psychosis(2.08), arthritis(1.64), peptic ulcer(1.29), headache(1.16) and cough(1.09). The amount of daily task performance in the acute stage(3.05) was significantly lower than that of convalescent stage(4.95). 5. Total expectation of role exemption according to general characteristics showed that there was no significant differences in urban /rural community, marriage, level of education and religion. By sex, women showed higher expectation of role exemption during illnesses than men. By age, the 31-40 year old group showed lower expectation of role exemption than the 41-50 year old group or over the 61 year old group.or over the 61 year old group.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.247-257
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• 1992

Bronchial adenoma, firstly described by Muller[1882] had been reported on the subject stressed their benign nature prior to 1940`s, but these tumors including carcinoid tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma are now known to possess the various degree of malignant natures from benign course, low grade malignant potential to distant lymphatic or hematogenous metastasis or combination. Although histologically diffeerent, four varieties except carcinoid tumor which is a spectrum of neu-roendocrine tumor originating Kulchitsky cell of the bronchial epithelium and form the part of the APUD tumor spectrum, are morphologically and in many respects clinically similar to the corresponding tumor of the salivary gland is a specific varient of adenocarcinoma that occurs most commonly in the major and minor salivary gland and less frequently tra-cheobronchial tree, esophagus etc. To better understand the clinical characteristics and assess more precisely the malignat nature of bronchial adenoma, we studied 17 cases of bronchial adenoma, which had been experienced at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery of Catholic University Medical College from April 1977 to september 1991. Seventeen cases of bronchial adenoma consist of 2 carcinoid tumors, 6 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 8 mucoepidermoid carcinomas and one pleomorphic adenoma. There is a slight predominace of male patients[10/17] and the age of pt studied varied with a higher incidence occurring between the ages of 40 years and 60 years[mean age, 46.5 years]; the youngest being 15 years and oldest 69 years. Their leading complaints were hemoptysis[4], exertional dyspnea[8], fever & chilness [4], and symptoms mimicking the bronchial asthma[4]. Diagnosis was aided by the radiologic studies such as chest X-ray, polytomography, CT scan, brochography and bronchoscopy. The preferred locations of fumor were in the trachea[4], main stem bronchus[3], bronchus intermedius[3], bronchus of RUL[2], LUL[1], RLL[1], LLL[3] with no peripheral location. Modalities of treatments were single or combination of surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. Complete resections were permitted in 12 cases with late recurrences of 4 cases ranging from 6 months to 10 years: pneumonectomy[4], lobectomy[4], bil-obectomy[2], sleeve resection[2]. Gross findings of resected specimens in 14 cases showed that 4 cases were polyp-like pedunculated mass[entirely intraluminal mass] with intact mucosa, 8 cases were broad-bas-ed sessile mass[predominatly intraluminal] and the main portions were located below the mucosa similar to tip of iceburg[predominantly extraluminal] in 2 cases. Follow-up information was availble in all 17 cases ; eight were alive without evidence of disese ranging from 1 month to 13 years. But seven cases died of the causes related to tumor[6 cases within 12 months, one case 10 years after pneumonectomy]. We concluded that 8 cases[47%] of 17 cases were metastasizing bronchial adenoma and precise survival rate cannot be answered by the scanty materials available for study.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.212-217
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was to assess clinically the incidence of abutment screw loosening of posterior implant-supported fixed prosthesis and its affecting factors. Materials and methods: 391 implant-supported crowns restored from January 2013 to January 2016 were included in this study. All restorations were fabricated with either a single crowns or a splinted crown, and cemented with temporary cement. The incidence of abutment screw loosening is investigated and gender, restoration position, opposing teeth, restoration type, abutment connection type were assessed as possible factors affecting abutment screw loosening. Results: During the observation period (2 - 5 years), abutment screw loosening was found in 29 restorations (7.4%). It took 3 to 48 months (means 19.5 months) to loose the screw, and three of these implants were fractured. Among the factors considered, there were statistically significant differences at abutment screw loosening rate between molar group (9.4%) and premolar group (2.6%) (P<.019). According to the type of opposing teeth, there were statistically significant differences between nature teeth (74.7%) and implant (25.0%), removable denture (3%) (P<.019). The other possible factors did not have a significant effect on loosening of the abutment. Conclusion: The incidence of abutment screw loosening in posterior restoration was 7.4%. Abutment screw loosening were more likely to occur in molars group than premolar group, and according to the opposing teeth, there were the greatest frequency in nature teeth than implant and removal denture. There was a statistically significant difference.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.114-124
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• 1998

We analyzed the mammographic (n=21) findings (location, margin, shape, cluster microcalcifications, size, multiplicity) and ultrasonographic (n=12) findings (shape, border, internal echo, boundary echo, posterior echo, lateral echo, width/depth ratio) to evaluate specific radiologic findings of histopathologically proved uncommon breast cancer. The mammographic findings (n=21) are as follow; 1) single; 16, multiple; 5 2) margin (smooth; 13, irregular; 4, spiculated; 4) 3) shape (round and ovoid; 9, lobulated; 8, irregular; 4) 4) cluster micro calcifications (abscent; 20, present; 1) 5) size (1-3cm; 18, 3-5cm; 2, 5cm> ; 1) 6) location (UOQ; 13, UIQ; 4, LIQ; 3, LOQ; 1). The ultrasonographic findings (n=12) are as follow; 1) shape (round to oval; 5, lobulated; 5, irregular; 2) 2) border (smooth even; 9, rough uneven; 3) 3) internal echo (fine homogeneous; 5, coarse heterogeneous; 7) 4) boundary echo (regular fine; 4, irregular thick; 8) 5) posterior echo (enhanced; 11, no change; 1) 6) lateral echo (marked; 7, nonexistent; 5) 7) width/depth ratio (1.5> ; 1, 1.0-1.5; 7, 1.0< ; 4). Uncommon breast cancer show benign nature on mammogram, but malignant nature on ultrasonogram (especially boundary echo, internal echo, width/depth ratio).

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.33-43
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• 2000

The distinction between short-term store (STS) and long-term store (LTS) has been made in the perspective of information processing. Memory system theorists have argued that memory could be conceived as multiple memory systems beyond the concept of a single LTS. Popular memory system models are Schacter & Tulving (994)'s multiple memory systems and Squire (987)'s the taxonomy of long-term memory. Those m models agree that amnesic patients have intact STS but impaired LTS and have preserved implicit memory. However. there is a debate about the nature of the long-term memory impairment. One model considers amnesic deficit as a selective episodic memory impairment. whereas the other sees the deficits as both episodic and semantic memory impairment. At present, it remains unclear that episodic memory should be distinguished from semantic memory in terms of retrieval operation. The distinction between declarative memory and nondeclarative memory would be the alternative way to reflect explicit memory and implicit memory. The research focused on the function of frontal lobe might give clues to the debate about the nature of LTS.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.275-294
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• 2001

This article aims to define the nature of proverbs from a polyphonic point of view and examine different readings of the complement involved in the combination of a proverb with a verb of personal opinion. An utterer of a proverb is not himself the author of the proverb. He may well be a 'speaker' of a proverb, but from a polyphonic view point he is not an 'enunciator' of the principle that underlies it. When we say that a speaker of a proverb is not its enunciator, we do not simply mean that he is not the author of the 'content' of the proverb he speaks: we mean that he is not the author of its 'form' either. The fact that a proverb loses its proverbial character when one paraphrases it proves that its form is not at the speaker's disposal. But a single factor cannot be held responsible for what a proverb is. As an indicator of the 'wisdom of the nation,' or vox populi, a proverb is the achievement of the 'collective enunciator.' The polyphony inherent in the proverb pits a particular speaker against a collective enunciator. This collective character of the proverb as a vox populi comes from its character as a phrasal denomination. Given that a proverb reflects a collective judgment and not a personal opinion, how do we interpret the combination of a proverb with a verb of personal opinion such as I think that ...\ulcorner Such a combination gives rise to readings at distinct levels: two types of metalinguistic reading and a reading based on the content of the proverb. The first level of reading, being applicative in nature, can be local or general, depending on the speaker's opinion as to the applicability of the proverb to a situation, particular or general. These applicative readings always involve polyphonic dissociation between the speaker and the enunciator. The second level of reading, which depends on the content of the proverb, is the result of the operation of deproverbialization, which makes the proverb lose its denominative status to preserve only its status as a generic phrase. The proverb, thus deproverbialized, looks like the series 'NP + VP.' For this reading, the speaker of the proverb takes into consideration the possibility of attributing a predicate to a nominal syntagm. Here occurs an identity between the speaker and the enunciator. It is not the case, however, that one can deproverbialize just any proverbs. In approaching to a locally typifying generic phrase, a proverb admits of being deproverbialized by an opinion verb only when its form does not render it difficult, either syntactically or metaphorically, to incorporate that proverb into the relevant combination, and when the proverb intrinsically possesses the traits that meet the conditions for the use of the opinion verb at hand. One can also maintain, based on the notion of deproverbialization, that a proverb expresses a collective judgment, a deproverbialized individual judgment.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.23-43
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of New Deal under the New Labour government in Britain and examines the nature of New Deal with respect to workfare. The time difference of five years after the New Deal was put into effect shows that New Deal has contributed not only to include the socially excluded groups such as the young unemployed, the long-term unemployed, single parents, and the disabled into the labour market, but also to decrease the amount of income-based benefits providing for working generation. It can be said that the nature of New Deal under the New Labour is near to human capital development model rather than labour force attachment model. New Deal provides the opportunity of policy learning for the countries which pursue the reform of social security system to moving welfare beneficiaries being able to work into jobs. Policy learning can be summed up as follows. First, imposing mutual responsibility and obligations on unemployed person should be accompanied by implementing active labour market programmes of education and job training. Second, the delivery system which administrates workfare programmes should be decentralized in a local society. The cooperation between local government and enterprisers will be critical in implementing various employment programmes and moving unemployed person into jobs. Third, the case management for individual participating in workfare programme is necessary. The personal adviser should continue to provide employment services for the unemployed until he or she get a job and enter the state of self-reliance. Finally, the workfare programme should be firmly backed by the political leadership in order to overcome the oppositions of beneficiary groups under the existing social security system.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.54
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• pp.155-182
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• 2014

This study aimed to find the possibility of interactions between the Doctrine of the Mean and evolutionary biology. Between the two disciplines, there exists a huge gap such as "traditional era vs. modern times" and "humanities vs. natural science." However, this paper assumed that an analysis of their similarities and differences would allow us to find the possibility for them to interact and communicate with each other. For this purpose, the author proposed a three-step approach to studies of the following topics: human nature in step 1, validity of reasons to live in step 2 and biologically affinitive relations in step 3. The present study in step 1 pays attention to the similarities and differences between genes and in-ui-ye-ji (a set of four Confucian values: benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom). This step discusses the issues of ri (principle) and ki (generative force) in Zhu Xi's theory vs. genes and vehicles in evolutionary biology, innate goodness vs. altruism of genes and in-ui-ye-ji vs. epigenetic rules. In step 2, attention is paid to the similarities and differences between natural selection and shi zhong (時中). They are discussed in terms of the upset of the law of nature vs. mutation, changes vs. evolutions and shi zhong vs. natural selection/adaptation. Step 3 focuses on the similarities and differences between species diversity and li-yi-fen-shu (one li and its many aspects). The discussion in this step addresses the issues of part or whole vs. li-yi-fen-shu, biological affinity vs. single energy and ecosystem vs. "the earth moves orderly, and everything thereon flourishes." If these studies are conducted as planned, a new direction can be set for Zhu Xi's neo-Confucianism. Further, the interaction between humanities and natural science will pave the way for us to overcome asymmetry between different disciplines.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.147
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• pp.215-237
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to illuminate the precise nature and the central line of Kant's proof of the causal principle stated in the Second Analogy of the 2nd. edition of the Critique of Pure Reason. The study argues for the following thesis: 1. The proof of the Second Analogy concerns only the causal principle called the "every-event-some-cause" principle, and not the causal law(s) called the "same-cause-same-event" principle. 2. The goal of the proof is to establish the possibility of knowledge of an temporal order of successive states of an object. 3. The proof is broadly an single transcendental argument in two steps. The 1st. step is an analytic argument that infers from the given perceptions of an oder of successive states of an objects to the conclusion that the causal principle is the necessary condition for the objectivity of dies perceived order. The 2nd. step is a synthetic argument that infers from the formal nature of time to the conclusion that the causal principle is a necessary condition for die possibility of objective alterations and of empirical knowledge of these alterations. 4. The poof involves not the 'non sequitur' assumed by P. F. Strawson, that is, Kant infers not directly from a feature of our perceptions to a conclusion regarding the causal relations of distinct states of affairs that supposedly correspond to these perceptions.