• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 2021

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2013

With increasing needs in power, Singapore is requiring stronger power transmission. Singapore Transmission Cable Tunnel is underground tunnel for transmission system installation such as 400 kV cable. This Transmission Cable Tunnel is 35 km long in total. The North-South Transmission Cable Tunnel is 18.5 km long and there is a total of three (3) contracts; NS1, NS2 and NS3 in respect of the design and construction. The East-West Transmission Cable Tunnel is 16.5 km long, and also there is a total of three (3) contracts; EW1, EW2 and EW3. Among of them, SK E&C has been awarded and operating contract EW2 and NS2. In scope of works, each contract has 3 to 4 shafts which connect aboveground and underground high volt cable and those shafts are used as TBM launching shafts during construction. Transmission Cable Tunnel is undercrossing middle of Singapore and most of shafts are located in urban area. Thus, optimal blasting design satisfying high blasting efficiency as well as blasting vibration limit of Singapore is highly required. Blasting design for large shaft of Singapore Transmission Cable Tunnel follows blasting vibration limits in Singapore and reflects our blasting engineering skills. With Singapore Transmission Cable Tunnel Contract EW2, it is expected that our excellent blasting engineering and performance skills can be delivered to the world.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.229-238
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• 2018

Background Nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSMs) are increasingly performed to obtain the best aesthetic and psychological outcomes in breast cancer treatment. However, merely preserving the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) does not guarantee a good outcome. Darkly pigmented NACs and a tendency for poor scarring outcomes are particular challenges when treating Asian patients. Herein, we review the reconstructive outcomes following NSM at Singapore General Hospital. Methods All breasts reconstructed following NSM over an 11-year period from 2005 to 2015 were reviewed. Information was collected from the patients' records on mastectomy indications, operative details, and complications. Patient satisfaction, breast sensation, and aesthetic outcomes were evaluated in 15 patients. Sensation was quantified using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test. Results A total of 142 NSMs were performed in 133 patients for breast cancer (n=122, 85.9%) or risk reduction (n=20, 14.1%). Of the procedures, 114 (80.2%) were autologous reconstructions, while 27 (19.0%) were reconstructions with implants. Complications occurred in 28 breasts (19.7%), with the most common complication being NAC necrosis, which occurred in 17 breasts (12.0%). Four breasts (2.8%) had total NAC necrosis. The overall mean patient satisfaction score was 3.0 (good). The sensation scores were significantly diminished in the skin envelope, areola, and nipple of breasts that had undergone NSM compared to non-operated breasts (P<0.05). Half of the subset of 15 patients in whom aesthetic outcomes were evaluated had reduced nipple projection. Conclusions Immediate reconstruction after NSM was performed with a low complication rate in this series, predominantly through autologous reconstruction. Patients should be informed of potential drawbacks, including NAC necrosis, reduced nipple projection, and diminished sensation.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.83-120
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• 2018

For Singapore, 2017 was an uneasy year. The presidential election was fraught with controversy since the revised Presidential Election Act allowed only one candidate to be eligible for the election. The bitter feud between Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and his siblings shocked many Singaporeans. Succession planning for the next top leadership is still veiled in obscurity. The anti-globalization trend and the increasing pressure to raise the tax have become major challenges for Singapore's economy to overcome. China's continuous diplomatic pressure has called into the question Singapore's pragmatic foreign policy. Although its relations with China were back to normal, Singapore, the ASEAN chair in 2018, is still facing intractable problems in safeguarding ASEAN centrality in the growing US-China rivalry. In the meantime, Singapore has pursued its diversity and equality, heading toward a more matured multi-racial and multi-cultural society in 2017. The first female president, Halimah Yacob, served as a symbolic epitome of Singapore's emphasis on diversity and harmony among different ethnic groups and minorities. This great milestone, however, has largely been questioned by Singaporeans, as it seemed to be a political gesture that only utilized Halimah's double minority in the level of ideologies. The election of the Malay president has led Singaporeans to think about the real equity and equality among minorities, while strongly motivated to move toward a more inclusive society. In 2018, Singaporean leaders will try to resolve many challenging problems by reaffirming leadership succession planning, which is expected to lead Singapore to pursue a more integrated society.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 2018

Malaysia and Singapore have adopted Eurocode 8 (EC8) for the seismic design of building structures. The authors studied the seismic hazard modelling of the region surrounding Malaysia and Singapore for a long time and have been key contributors to the drafting of the Malaysia National Annex (NA). The purpose of this paper is to explain the principles underlying the derivation of the elastic response spectrum model for Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah). The current EC8 NA for Singapore is primarily intended to address the distant hazards from Sumatra and is not intended to provide coverage for potential local intraplate hazards. Hence, this paper recommends a reconciled elastic response spectrum for Singapore, aiming to achieve a more robust level of safety. The topics covered include the modelling of distant interplate earthquakes generated offshore and local earthquakes in an intraplate tectonic setting, decisions on zoning, modelling of earthquake recurrences, ground motion and response spectrum. Alternative expression for response spectrum on rock, strictly based on the rigid framework of EC8 is discussed.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1149-1151
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• 2003

We performed a validation study of the MODIS active fire detection algorithm using high resolution SPOT image as the reference data set. Fire with visible smoke plumes are detected in the SPOT scenes, while the hotspots in MODIS data are detected using NASA's new version 4 fire detection algorithm. The detection performance is characterized by the commission error rate (false alarms) and the omission error rate (undetected fires). In the Sumatra and Kalimantan study area, the commission rate and the omission rate are 27% and 34% respectively. False alarms are probably due to recently burnt areas with warm surfaces. False negative detection occur where there are long smoke plumes and where fires occur in densely vegetated areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2010

Seawater desalination has vest interest in terms of ultimate water resources for the countries suffering lack of water supply. Water demand is steadily increasing due to the population growth and industrialization in Asia. The objectives of this study are to prospect the desalination market in Asia countries including China, India and Singapore, and to propose possible strategies of getting through Asia water market. Water supply in China is increasing up to $5,322,060m^3$/d in 2015. Northeast coastal areas such as Tianjin, Shandong, Hubei, and Liaoning are expected rapid increase for water demand. The investment of water supply in India would be 1.74 billion dollars during 2006 to 2015. Chennai, Kutch, and Pondicherry have possibility in introducing seawater desalination plants. Singapore is focusing on water reuse, and operating three NEWater plants (water reuse plants). BOT with total solution providing financing, construction, operation etc. is an adequate strategy to getting through China water market, while desalination plant project connecting with power plant is desirable in India. The cooperative system with Korea and Singapore creates synergy effect regarding planning and operating experience of Singapore and EPC ability of Korea.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.87-98
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• 1998

In this paper, the potential ground motion in terms of the peak ground accelerations(PGAs) due to long-distance Sumatra earthquakes is investigated for Singapore, following the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment a, pp.oach. The case investigated differs from a conventional one, in that few attenuation equations for long-distance major earthquakes are readily available. The attenuation relationships developed for other regions of the world are thus reviewed. It is found that the existing attenuation equations, when extrapolated to distant major earthquakes, tend to underestimate the PGAs. By comparing with the PGAs recorded over long distances at stations of the Japanese Meteorological Agency for major earthquakes in Japan, an attenuation equation is chosen for this study. With the chosen attenuation equation, the probability of PGAs exceeding selected levels for various exposure periods of time is then computed. The results show that at Singapore there is a 10% probability in 50 years for the PGA at rock sites to exceed 1.1% g. In view of the results and the associated uncertainties, a base shear coefficient of 1.5% is being recommended as the tentative seismic loading in Singapore. The tentative seismic loading reflects the design value of the notional horizontal load, equal to 1.5% of the characteristic building weigh as specified in the BS code, which usualy governs the design of most buildings in Singapors.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.28-36
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• 2011

Risk management is popularly and widely used in various industries to handle uncertainty that can negatively affect their businesses. While in the current Information-Technology oriented age, software packages are designed to assist in carrying out risk management processes, the construction industry does not seem to have software that is tuned to its specific characteristics and processes. Therefore, this study first explores the types of software that are commonly used for risk management in the Singapore construction industry. Also, using one-sample t-test, it is tested if the software programs used in the construction industry have effectively catered the needs of the users. For the analysis, a survey questionnaire was developed and the representatives from 34 companies participated in the survey. Furthermore, this study also makes use of the current risk management framework defined in ISO31000 to design a risk management software algorithm that can suit the needs for the Singapore construction industry. The results from this study will contribute to identifying strategic areas, in terms of use of risk management software, on which the industry needs to focus, ultimately enhancing their performance of risk management.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.140-147
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• 2008

An experiment setup was introduced to study dynamic behaviour of different types of check valves and the effects of air entrainment on the check valve performance under pressure transient condition. The experiment results show that the check valves with low inertia, assisted by springs or small traveling distance/angle gave better performance under pressure transient condition than check valves without these features. Air entrainment was found to affect both wave speed and reverse velocity. With the increase of the initial air void fraction in pipeline, the experiment results show that the wave speed was reduced, the reverse velocity was increased. The first peak pressure increased initially and then decreased with the increase of the initial air void fraction, the pressure surge periods were increased proportionally with air void fraction due to the greatly reduced wave speed. The study can be applied to help choosing suitable check valves for a particular pumping system.