• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 1988

For the purpose of examining the effects of simulated acid rain on the chemical properties of the experimental soil in Pinus densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana rooted cuttings, the experimental design of randomized block arrangement with three replications was implemented in the experimental field of Yesan National Agricultural Junior College. One-year-old Pinus densiflora seedlings and Forsythia koreana cuttings were planted in the pots filled the mixed soils (nursery soil: forest soil of siliceous sandy loam = 1 : V/V)in the early spring of 1985. The regime of artificil acid rain, in terms of spray frequency per monthly and spray amount at single treatment per plot, was simulated on the basis of climatological data averaged from 30 years records. Simulated acid rain (pH 2.0, pH4.0, and pH 5.5 as control) containing sulfuric and nitric acid in the ratio of 3:2 (chemical equivalant basis) diluted ground water, were treated on the experimental plants under condition of cutting off the natural precipitation with vinyl tunnel, during the growing season (May 1 to August 31) in 1985. THe results obtained in this study were as follows; 1. Soil acidity was dropped, and exchangeable aluminum contents in the soil was dramatically increased in both species, with decreasing pH levels of acid rain. 2. Exchangeable potassium, clacium, magnesium contents, and base saturation degree of the soil were highly drcreased in two species as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. 3. In two species, sulfate concentrations in the soil were decreased of pH 4.0 treatment, and remarkably increased at pH 2.0 treatment of acid rain in comparison with control. 4. Total nitrogen and available phosphate contents of the soil were not affected by acid rain treatment in the both species, and Fe contents at pH 2.0 treatment were highest among three acid rain treatments.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 1996

The effects of simulated acid rain on the growth and interspecific competition of Echinochloa crus-galli and Digitaria sanguinalis were studied. Changes of growth in height and dry weight were examined and competition between the two species was investigated using the experimental model proposed by de Wit (1960). The experiments were carried out in the greenhouse, and test plants were germinated and grown for 4 weeks and then sprayed with simulated acid rain of pH 5.6, 4.2 and 2.8 for another 8 weeks. In de Wit replacement experiments, the variation of density and the treatment of simulated acid rain showed little effect on the interspecific competition between E. Crus-galli and D.sanguinalis. The ratio diagram, another method to reveal the interrelations between two competing species, always showed the predominance of E. crus-galli in competition, regardless of density and pH. The interspecific competition of the two species, represented by relative yield total (RYT), revealed that intraspecific competition was stronger than interspecific competition in both species.The treatment of simulated acid rain showed little effect on the growth of E. Crus-galli and D. sanguinalis. Height growth of both species did not differ from that of control (pH 5.6), but root/shoot ratio increased with the decrease in pH of simulated acid rain. Growth of tatal dry weight of E. crus-galli and D. sanguinalis was not influenced by the change of pH, except that D.sanguinalis showed a decrease in the total dry weight at pH 2.8 along with a visible sign of white spots on leaves. Physical environmental conditions can exert an effect on the interrelationships between the two species, but this experiment did not show the reversion of competition, and showed that E.crus-gilli was competitively dominant under any environmental conditions given in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 1996

This study was conducted for the assessment of the effects of acid rain and soil fertilizers on photosynthetic rate, was content, and contact angle on 5-year seedlings of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) leaves. The seedlings were exposed to pH 3.0 (simulated acid rain), pH 6.5 (groung water) and rain (pH around 4.6). The seedlings were also treated with $Ca(OH)_2, Mg(OH)_2, and Ca(OH)_2 + Mg(OH)_2 + C.F.(compound fertilizer)$. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, was content, contact angle value, and mineral nutrient content of the leaves were measured and the results were as follows: 1. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of the leaves increased with the increase of pH. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance increased with application of soil fertilizer in the pH 3.0 treatment, but showed no changes in the rain and the pH 6.5. 2. Contact angle value and was content of the leaves did not change with the pH treatment, but increased with the fertilizer treatments. 3. Mineral nutrient contents of the leaves were lowest in the rain treatment and highest in the pH 6.5 treatment. The increase of mineral nutrient contents was observed with the soil fertilizer treatments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2000

Effects of the simulated acid rain on the growth response and the structural features were studied with the 3 month old seedlings of G. biloba and P. thunbergii treated with acid rain of pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.2, and 2.4. The diameter and area of tracheid cells in the transectioned stem of G. biloba decreased with acidity of simulated acid rain. The wall thickness of tracheid cells was the thinest at pH 2.4, but there was no different at other levels of pH. Increasing of the acidity, the height of tracheid cells were reduced steadily. The diameter and area of tracheid cells of the transectioned root reduced with decreasing pH of acid rain, but those at pH 3.2 were larger than those at control. The wall thickness and height of tracheid cells of root were gradually decreased with acidity of acid rain. The size variation of the fusiform cambial initials in the stem of G. biloba sections tangentially showed a shortening tendency with treatment of acid rain. The length of ray initials was the shortest at pH 2.4 and reduced with decreasing pH of acid rain. The diameter, area, wall thickness, and height of the tracheid cells in P. thunbergii stem and root decreased with decreasing pH of acid rain. The areas of the pith, cortex, and xylem in P. thunbergii treated with acid rain decreased, but the cortex and pith areas increased significantly after exposure to acid rain of pH 3.2 compared with control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.432-438
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• 2010

This study was carried out to understand the effect on soil chemical property, ion contents, and growth of Lonicera japonica by treatment of simulated acid rain and wood vinegar. It was treated total 30 times by one time per 2 weeks during 150 days from June to October dividing to various pH level of simulated acid rain (each pH 5.6, 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5) and the control site (pH 6.3). The wood vinegar diluted with 500 times was also treated total 10 times by one time per 2 weeks at the experimental sites. The soil pH was reduced as pH level of simulated acid rain was decreased. The organic content, total nitrogen, and Av. $P_2O_5$ in soil showed a tendency to increment. However, the soil improvement effect was exposed to be insufficient when a wood vinegar was treated. In the component of the plant body, $SO_4{^2}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ increased due to the simulated acid rain treatment and the increment ratio was reduced in the wood vinegar treatment plot. In addition, the cation contents showed a tendency to variation due to pH of simulated acid rain. And it showed more increment in the leaves than the root. The early fallen leaves and growth inhibition of L. japonica showed up after the simulated acid rain treatment but the growth of L. japonica increased after the wood vinegar treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 1998

Various effects of simulated acid rain by $HNO_3$ and $H_2SO_4$ with pH 3.2, 4.2 and 5.6 were investigated in Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb, a biennial legume dominating the disturbed and poor soil vegetations. The nitric acid treatment of pH 3.2 resulted in 121% increase of the plant height compared to that of pH 5.6 during early growth, although 17% decrease was detected with the sulfuric acids. During 14 days of treatment, leaf biomass and chlorophyll content increased 168% and 133% with pH 3.2 nitric acid rain but decreased 20% and 38%, respectively, with sulfuric acid rain. Nitrogen content in various organs was also determined after 42 days of nitric acid treatment. It increased 480% and 387% by pH 3.2 and 4.2 in leaves, 212% and 214% in stems and 247% and 249% in roots. However, the same treatment with the sulfuric acid showed a considerable reduction in this content, indicating that the nitric acid was a nitrogen source. Nodule formation assayed revealed 15% decrease with pH 3.2 in contrast to 157% increase in pH 4.2, further suggesting an enhancement effect by the additional nitrogen source. Contrary to this, the nodule formation was reduced up to 43-71% by sulfuric acid rains. Specific nitrogen fixation activities of nodules estimated at pH 3.2, 4.2 and 5.6 nitric acid rain were 36.7, 42.8 and 47.3 ${\mu}mol\;C_2H_4{\cdot}g^{-1}\;fw\;nodule{\cdot}h^{-1}$, while those of sulfuric acid rain exhibited 1 nmol $C_2H_4{\cdot}plant^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$ with pH 3.2, 177 with pH 4.2 and 179 with pH 5.6, yet it increased 2, 115 and 286 respectively corresponding to the three sulfuric acid concentrations. Further implications of the simulated acied rain were also discussed in the study.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2002

This study was conducted to find out buffer capacities of forest soils by the treatment of simulated acid rain(SAR) of four forests(Q. spp., P. rigida, P. koraiensis, L. leptolepis) in Kyunghee university's practice forest. All soils of each forest stand were treated by simulated acid rain at the level of pH 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 respectively. The result obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: Soil pH was measured by soil depth of each forest stand. The deeper soil depth was, the higher soil pH was. Also it was appeared that base saturation of sample soils was the highest as 17.42% in P. rigida stand and cation exchange capacity(C.E.C) was the highest as 29.87 me/100 g in Q. spp. stand. for responses of soil leachates to acidification treatment with pH 3.0 simulated acid rain(SAR), as simulated acid rain(SAR)-input was increased, pH value of soil leachates appeared high temporarily, but soon pH value of soil leachates had been low gradually. At the rest of pH 4.0, pH 5.0 treatment, pH value of soil leachates was high proportionably. The amounts of TBC of primary stage had a difference as pH level of simulated acid rain and forest stands. But as simulated acid rain(SAR)-input was increased. Amount of TBC was diminished. Also the amounts of TBC of primary stage in acidification treatment with pH 3.0, 4.0 simulated acid rain(SAR) was higher that of acidification treatment with pH 5.0 simulated acid rain(SAR). These trend showed obvious difference at low soil acidity and high TBC. The amounts of activity Al of primary stage appeared high as increasing the input acidity of simulated acid rain(SAR). Also, by soil depth, the amounts of Activity Al was different between A layer(0-15 cm) and AB layer(0-30 cm). There was considerable the correlation between simulated acid rain-input and activity Al change. But this was oppositional trend in soil leachates of pH 4.0, 5.0 treatment and total base cations(TBC).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.169-180
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• 1993

Soils of four combinations, sand with high content of organic matter(SL), sand with low content of OM(SS), siltyl loam with high content of OM(LL) and silty loam with low content OM (LS), were filled on column and then percolated with simulated sulfuric acid rain with pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0 and 2.5. From soil leachates, pH and concentrations of basic cations and Al were determined. Cation concentrations in the leachates increased as pH of the rain decreased. The orders of buffering capacity of soil, leachability of cation from soil, leaching sensitivity of ion andbase saturation sensitivity of soil to acidity of the rain water were SS$\leq$K <$\leq$LL

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.75-81
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• 2008

This study was conducted to analyze the influence of simulated acid rain on leaves of Liliodendron tulipifera seedlings. The seedlings were treated with four levels of simulated acid rain with pH of 5.6, 4.9, 3.9 and 2.9, and then chlorophyll contents and the degree of foliar damage were investigated. Differences were statistically significant among treatments in chlorophyll contents in all of the tested soils. The total contents of chlorophyll tended to decrease as the simulated acid rain treatment was maintained. Chlorophyll contents, however, did not decrease according to the decrement of pH levels. Foliar damage increased as the simulated acid rain was maintained in all tested soils. Especially, the damage dramatically increased between May and July as the acidity increased. As the treatment of simulated acid rain continued, deformed new leaves appeared. In all treatments except the control, the leaves turned brown and the damage increased with time. Necrotic spots appeared during the first month of treatment at the pH level of 2.9 in all soil types. The damage by acid rain should be considered when we plant Liliodendron tulipifera.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1993

We investigated the ph change of water caused by several fuel gases regarded as the main cause of the air pollution, To find out the main cause of increase of the acidity of the rain. We measured it while injrcting each fuel gas directiy to the distilled water. It was observed that bunker-c oil gas and anthracite coal gas were the main cause to make the ph of the solution lowest. We examined the effects of simulated acidic water solutions on several plant species. Simulated acidic rain made by bunker-c oil gas has significant symptom on the saxifraga stolonifera and commelina communis, while no injury was observed on plants exposed to simulated rainfall made by anthracite coal gas.