• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.587-593
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• 2016

As sessile organisms, plants must be able to adapt to the environment. Plants respond to the environment by adjusting their growth and development, which is mediated by sophisticated signaling networks that integrate multiple environmental and endogenous signals. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that a bHLH transcription factor PIF4 plays a major role in the multiple signal integration for plant growth regulation. PIF4 is a positive regulator in cell elongation and its activity is regulated by various environmental signals, including light and temperature, and hormonal signals, including auxin, gibberellic acid and brassinosteroid, both transcriptionally and post-translationally. Moreover, recent studies have shown that the circadian clock and metabolic status regulate endogenous PIF4 level. The PIF4 transcription factor cooperatively regulates the target genes involved in cell elongation with hormone-regulated transcription factors. Therefore, PIF4 is a key integrator of multiple signaling pathways, which optimizes growth in the environment. This review will discuss our current understanding of the PIF4-mediated signaling networks that control plant growth.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.568-570
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• 2002

With the development of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) systems, an efficient integration of IP and WDM has been focused. The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) proposes a new model that is called Overlay model for the integration of IP and WDM. In the Overlay model, UNI 1.0 signaling is adopted to establish signaling interface between Optical and IP network. UNI 1.0 signaling consists of a lot of functions; especially, reliability, light traffic, and etc. For that reason, Srefresh and ACK messages in UNI signaling support reliable messaging and reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted and processed in order to maintain RSVP states and processing time. This paper focuses on an implementation of Srefresh and ACK messages based on UNI 1.0 signaling and comparison between before and after implementing. The results show that Srefresh and ACK messages improve intelligence in the control plane of the optical network, which will make them more survivable, flexible, reliable, and controllable.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.240-246
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• 2012

Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in early surveillance against virus infection and cellular transformation, and are also implicated in the control of inflammatory response through their effector functions of direct lysis of target cells and cytokine secretion. NK cell activation toward target cell is determined by the net balance of signals transmitted from diverse activating and inhibitory receptors. A distinct feature of NK cell activation is that stimulation of resting NK cells with single activating receptor on its own cannot mount natural cytotoxicity. Instead, specific pairs of co-activation receptors are required to unleash NK cell activation via synergy- dependent mechanism. Because each co-activation receptor uses distinct signaling modules, NK cell synergy relies on the integration of such disparate signals. This explains why the study of the mechanism underlying NK cell synergy is important and necessary. Recent studies revealed that NK cell synergy depends on the integration of complementary signals converged at a critical checkpoint element but not on simple amplification of the individual signaling to overcome intrinsic activation threshold. This review focuses on the signaling events during NK cells activation and recent advances in the study of NK cell synergy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.64-73
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• 2003

There are many economic and operational reasons to integrate fire alarm signaling system with other building automation system Integration of this requires open network with the standard communication protocol and careful design practices. The important point for this is also the development of intelligent control modules for replacing the conventional zone adapter in fire system. Therefore, this paper proposes an new conceptual design of the open distributed fire alarm signaling system for the integration of BAS and a new intelligent control modules with LonTalk protocol. Newly proposed additions to LonWorks network make it very well suited for integrating fire systems with other building automation systems. Additionally, it is very important that best design practices, test procedures and building codes need to be modernized to accommodate integrated building systems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.355-361
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• 2002

There are many economic and operational reasons to integrate fire alarm signaling system with other building automation system. Integration of this requires open network with for the standard communication protocol and careful design practices. The important point for this is also the development of intelligent control modules for replacing the conventional zone adapter in fire system. Therefore, this paper proposes an new conceptual design of the open distributed fire alarm signaling system for the integration of BAS, a new intelligent control modules with LonTalk protocol and a new control modules for power line communication. Newly proposed additions to LonWorks network make it very well suited for integrating fire systems with other building automation sub-systems and another BAS with low cost. Additionally, it is very important that best design practices, test procedures and building codes need to be modernized to accommodate integrated building systems.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.70.6-70
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• 2001

There are many economic and operational reasons to integrate fire alarm signaling system with other building automation system. Integration of this requires communication standard and careful design practices. The important point for this is also the development of intelligent control modules for replacing the conventional zone adapter in fire system. Therefore, this paper proposes an new conceptual design of the distributed fire alarm signaling system and a new intelligent control modules with LonTalk Protocol. Newly proposed additions to Lonworks network make it very well suited for integration fire systems with other building automation systems. Additionally, it is very important that best design practices ...

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.7
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• pp.1019-1025
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• 2015

The performance requirements on the safety-based functionality of railway signal systems have been reinforced and the effort for enhancement of the existing system or development of the new system is being accordingly made. In particular, various technical researches on replacement or improvement of the existing ATS(Automatic Train Stop) signaling system are now in progress for better operational efficiency. In this study, the complementary points for improvement or replacement of the currently used system(i.e., ATS) will be derived in terms of operating efficiency in an integrated operating environment with the newly introduced system(e.g., ATC: Automatic Train Control). This study can contribute to derive the need for improvement of the signaling system by checking the interface problems and comparing between different systems through the analysis of real operation cases in the field. Eventually, this analysis can be applied to prevent and estimate the collision accidents can be caused by the failure of the signaling system in advance. In addition, the results can be used to provide a future direction to secure the reliability in the parallel operation by integration based on different railway signaling systems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.157-162
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• 2001

There are many economic and operational reasons to integrate fire alarm signaling system with other building automation system. Integration of this requires communication standard and careful design practices. The important point for this is also the development of intelligent control modules for replacing the conventional zone adapter in fire system. Therefore, this paper proposes an new conceptual design of the distributed fire alarm signaling system and a new intelligent control modules with LonTalk protocol. Newly proposed additions to LonWorks network make it very well suited for integrating fire systems with other building automation systems. Additionally, it is very important that best design practices, test procedures and building codes need to be modernized to accommodate Integrated building systems.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.29 no.1_2
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• pp.427-442
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• 2011

Calcium is a vital second messenger for signal transduction in neurons. Calcium plays an important role in almost every part of the human body but in neuronal cytosol, it is of utmost importance. In order to understand the calcium signaling mechanism in a better way a finite element model has been developed to study the flow of calcium in two dimensions with time. This model assumes EBA (Excess Buffering Approximation), incorporating all the important parameters like time, association rate, influx, buffer concentration, diffusion constant etc. Finite element method is used to obtain calcium concentration in two dimensions and numerical integration is used to compute effect of time over 2-D Calcium profile. Comparative study of calcium signaling in two dimensions with time is done with other important physiological parameters. A MATLAB program has been developed for the entire problem and simulated on an x64 machine to compute the numerical results.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used in a range of therapeutic and healthcare applications in East Asian countries. Microbial transformation is regarded as an effective and useful technology in modification of nature products for finding new chemical derivatives with potent bioactivities. In this study, three minor derivatives of ginsenoside compound K were isolated and the inducing effects in the Wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt) signaling pathway were also investigated. Methods: New compounds were purified from scale-up fermentation of ginsenoside Rb1 by Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229 through repeated silica gel column chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. Their structures were determined based on spectral data and X-ray diffraction. The inductive activities of these compounds on the Wnt signaling pathway were conducted on MC3T3-E1 cells by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: The structures of a known 3-keto derivative and two new dehydrogenated metabolites were elucidated. The crystal structure of the 3-keto derivative was reported for the first time and its conformation was compared with that of ginsenoside compound K. The inductive effects of these compounds on osteogenic differentiation by activating the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway were explained for the first time. Conclusion: This study may provide a new insight into the metabolic pathway of ginsenoside by microbial transformation. In addition, the results might provide a reasonable explanation for the activity of ginseng in treating osteoporosis and supply good monomer ginsenoside resources for nutraceutical or pharmaceutical development.