• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.167-183
• /
• 1987

The anatomical structure of the Skeleton of thoracic limb of thirty-one adult Korean native goats(body weight: 14~17kg) was observed after skeletal preparation, and the osteometry was performed in each bone. The results were as follows; 1. The thoracic limb of the Korean native goat was composed of scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges and sesamoid bones. 2. The scapula was flat and triangular in shape. There were no distinct tuber of spine and acromion in the spine. The subscapular fossa was deep and triangular in shape and the vertebral border was sigmoid form. The coracoid bone was formed as the coracoid process at the medial aspect of the supraglenoid tubercle but the clavicle wa.s not observed. The left and right scapular indexes were 57.92 and 58.31 and the glenoid cavity indexes were 89.23 and 86.82, respectively. 3. The greater tubercle of the humerus was devided into cranial and caudal parts. The third tubercle was observed and the face for the infraspinatus muscle was rectangular form. The left and right humerus indexes were 32.44 and 32.63, the head indexes were 94.13, 96.62 and the trochlear-epidondyle indexes were 67.32 and 65.81, respectively. 4. The radius and ulna were fused entirely except at the broad proximal and narrow distal interosseous spaces. The ulna was longer than the radius, and its reduced body and distal end were fused at the caudomedial surface of the radius. 5. The carpal bones were six in number. There were radial, intermediate, ulnar, accessory, second-third and fourth carpal hones in carpal bones. 6. The metacarpal bone was composed of a large metacarpal bone resulted from the fusion of the third and fourth metacarpal bones, and there was a metacarpal tubercle at the dorsolateral part of the proximal end. There were no vestiges of the second and fifth metacarpal bones. 7. The digits were composed of third and fourth digits and each digit was composed of the proximal, middle and distal phalanges. 8. The sesamoid bones were six in number. There were two at the fetlock joint and one at the coffine joint palmarly in each digit. 9. The ratios of the lengths among the scapula, humerus, antebrachium and metacarpal bone were 1.42 : 1.47 : 1.77 : 1.00 in the left and 1.42 : 1.45 : 1.77 : 1.00 in the right, respectively.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 1988

The anatomical structure of pelvic limb, of thirty-one adult Korean native goats (Body weight: 14~17kg) was observed after skeletal preparation, and the osteometry was performed in each bone. The results were as follows: 1. The pelvic limb of the Korean native goat was composed of the hip bone, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bone, phalanges and sesamoid bones. 2. The hip bone consisted of the ilium, ischium and pubis which fused each other, The gluteal surface of the ilium was directed dorsolaterally. The tuber sacrale and tuber coxae were formed at the dorsal apex and ventrolateral part of the iliac wing, respectively. The lesser ischiatic notch was deeper than the greater one. The ischiatic tubercles were triangular form and consisted of the dorsal, lateral and caudal ischiatic tubercles. The left and right hip bone indexes were 67.08, 66.20, the acetabular indexes were 93.78 and 92.10 and the obturator foramen. indexes were 53.84 and 54.77, respectively. 3. In femur, both of the greater and lesser trochanter were well developed but the third trochanter was not observed. The left and right femur indexes were 26.55 and 26.14, head indexes were 81.66 and 81.49 and the trochlear-epicondyle indexes were 42.47 and 41.63, respectively. 4. The patella was observed as an isosceles triangle with base lying proximal and the cranial surface was more convex. 5. The tibial shaft was sigmoid form and the popliteal notch was deep. There was a large nutrient foramen at the cranial aspect of the cranial intercondylar area. The tibial indexes were 22.09 in left and 21.10 in right. 6. The proximal extremity of the fibula was fused with the lateral condyle of the tibia but the distal one was observed independently as the malleolar bone. 7. The tarsal bones were five in number; the talus, calcaneus, centroquartal tarsal bone, first tarsal bone, and second-third tarsal bone. 8. The metatarsal bone was composed of a large metatarsal bone. resulted from the fusion of the third and fourth metatarsal bones, The structure of metatarsal bone was similar to the metacarpal bone but longer about 7mm. 9. The phalanges and sesamoid bones were similar to these of the thoratic limb. 10. The ratios of the lengths among the hip bone, femur, tibia and metafarsal bone were 1.71 : 1.54 : 1.73 : 1.00 in left and 1.68 : 1.53 : 1.72 : 1.00 in right, respectively.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제103권3호
• /
• pp.353-358
• /
• 2014

다래의 수확적기를 판정할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하고자 다래 신품종 '새한', '대성' 및 '칠보'의 생육시기별 과실품질과 후숙 특성을 조사하였다. 과실의 비대는 '새한', '대성' 및 '칠보'의 경우 각각 만개 후 66일, 85일 및 78일 까지 진행되었다. 생장곡선은 3품종 모두 이중 S자형으로 나타났다. 상관분석 결과 세 품종 모두 과실 무게가 증가할수록 과실 내 종자수가 많아지는 정의 상관관계가 있었다(r = 0.94~0.97, p<0.01). 과실의 크기, 가용성 고형물 함량 및 산함량에서 품종 간 및 과실의 생육시기 간에 통계적인 유의적 차이가 있었다. 산함량은 3품종 모두 수확적기까지 증가하였고, 수확적기의 산함량은 '새한' 1.77%, '대성' 1.22%, '칠보' 1.37%로 나타났다. 수확 후 후숙 특성을 조사한 결과 수확적기의 만개 후 생육일수는 '새한'이 108일(9월 23일), '대성'과 '칠보'가 92일(9월 9일)로 나타났다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.43-47
• /
• 2007

말기 암 환자에서 감염에 대한 항생제 사용은 의학적 문제에 대해 해결해야 하는 의무와 임종을 앞둔 시점에 생명 연장으로 인한 환자의 고통증가에 대한 부담으로 명확하게 결정하기 어려운 문제이다. 대한가정의학회 완화의학연구회 세미나에서는 65세 남자환자로 직장암 말기에 악취를 동반한 광범위한 피부감염증으로 입원 후 국소 항생제 치료로 증상 호전 중 임종을 맞이한 증례를 토의하였고, 이를 통해 말기 암 환자에서 항생제 치료에 대한 문헌고찰과 토론 후 다음과 같이 의견을 제시하고자 한다. 항생제 치료 목적에 있어 증상조절을 고려해야 하며, 특히 요로계 감염이 있는 경우는 증상조절을 위해 항생제를 사용한다. 또한 감수성 검사를 통해 적절한 항생제를 처방해야 한다. 무엇보다도 우선적으로 고려되어야 할 점은 환자입장에서 무엇이 가장 득이 되는지를 생각하고, 항생제 사용에 대해 환자와 가족들의 의견을 존중하여 판단하며, 환자나 가족이 적극적으로 치료를 요구하는 경우에는 치료로 인한 득실에 대해 환자와 토의를 한 후 사용한다.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2008

Objective : To investigate the therapeutic effect of manual acupuncture at Siguan (four gates, bilateral LI4 and LR3) on suppression of gastrointestinal motility. Methods : A single blind, randomized, sham-acupuncture controlled, crossover study was conducted. Twenty healthy male subjects were admitted at hospital, and gastrointestinal motility suppression was induced by loperamide administration. Just after intake of 20 radio-markers, four gates or sham acupoint treatments were administered every 12 hours, 4 times over 48 hours. Gastrointestinal motility was evaluated by radiographic distribution of the radiomarkers at stomach or ileum, ascending, transverse, descending colon, sigmoid/rectum, and outside body at serial time points (0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). Results : Four gates acupuncture activated gastrointestinal movement as evidenced by significantly changed distributionof radio-makers at 6, 12, and 48 hours (P < 0.0001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.03, respectively) in Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics. No serious adverse events occurred in either group. Conclusions : This study showed a scientific clinical relevance of four gates acupuncture to gastrointestinal disorders.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.148-159
• /
• 2018

Purpose: Unmanned air vehicle (UAV) remote sensing was applied to test various vegetation indices and make prediction models of protein content of rice for monitoring grain quality and proper management practice. Methods: Image acquisition was carried out by using NIR (Green, Red, NIR), RGB and RE (Blue, Green, Red-edge) camera mounted on UAV. Sampling was done synchronously at the geo-referenced points and GPS locations were recorded. Paddy samples were air-dried to 15% moisture content, and then dehulled and milled to 92% milling yield and measured the protein content by near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: Artificial neural network showed the better performance with $R^2$ (coefficient of determination) of 0.740, NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient) of 0.733 and RMSE (root mean square error) of 0.187% considering all 54 samples than the models developed by PR (polynomial regression), SLR (simple linear regression), and PLSR (partial least square regression). PLSR calibration models showed almost similar result with PR as 0.663 ($R^2$) and 0.169% (RMSE) for cloud-free samples and 0.491 ($R^2$) and 0.217% (RMSE) for cloud-shadowed samples. However, the validation models performed poorly. This study revealed that there is a highly significant correlation between NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and protein content in rice. For the cloud-free samples, the SLR models showed $R^2=0.553$ and RMSE = 0.210%, and for cloud-shadowed samples showed 0.479 as $R^2$ and 0.225% as RMSE respectively. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between spectral bands and grain protein content. Artificial neural networks have the strong advantages to fit the nonlinear problem when a sigmoid activation function is used in the hidden layer. Quantitatively, the neural network model obtained a higher precision result with a mean absolute relative error (MARE) of 2.18% and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.187%.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제47권5호
• /
• pp.633-638
• /
• 2015

본 연구에서는 분무건조법을 이용하여 젖산세균을 녹말로 캡슐화한 분말을 제조하고, 제조한 젖산세균 코팅 분말을 이용하여 다양한 수분활성도에 따른 평형수분함량을 측정하여 등온흡습곡선을 확립하고, pH 및 상대습도, 온도에 따른 젖산세균의 보호 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 젖산세균 코팅 분말의 등온흡습곡선은 수분활성도에 따라 평형수분함량이 빠르게 증가하는 sigmoid형을 나타내었으나 시료간의 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 상대습도에 따라 20, 30, $40^{\circ}C$에서 저장하였을 때, 상대습도가 낮을수록, 저장 온도가 낮을수록 젖산세균의 생존율이 높았으며, 시료들 중 생강을 첨가하여 코팅한 젖산세균 분말의 생존율이 가장 높았다. 75%의 상대습도에서 $20^{\circ}C$와 $35^{\circ}C$에서 각 4주간 저장 실험한 결과, 코팅하지 않은 젖산세균은 1주 후 사멸한 반면, 코팅한 젖산세균은 유지되었으며 특히 생강을 첨가하였을 경우 젖산세균 보호 효과가 가장 높았다. 소화 모방 실험을 통해 위액의 낮은 pH에서 녹말 코팅의 보호막 효과를 확인하였다. 이를 통해 녹말로 코팅한 젖산세균 분말은 식품 조성물, 식품 첨가용 조성물로 이용 가능하다. 한편, 프로바이오틱스 제품 제조 시 젖산세균이 8-10 log CFU/g 이상 존재해야 하는데, 본 연구에서는 분무건조 후 약 7-8 log CFU/g로 다소 감소하였지만 이는 사료 조성물 또는 사료 첨가용 조성물로 응용이 가능하다고 생각된다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.467-474
• /
• 2014

MCNPX를 통하여 계산한 상대선량과 고체팬텀과 전리함을 이용하여 측정한 상대선량을 비교하여 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션의 정확성을 평가하였다. 그리고 간외 담도암 관내근접방사선치료를 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션에 적용하기 위해 192Ir 밀봉방사성선원을 모사하였고, 한국 성인남성 표준인을 기초로 하는 KMIRD형 팬텀을 이용하여 담도 및 주변 장기를 제작하였다. 간외 담도암 관내근접방사선치료를 MCNPX를 이용하여 담도 주변 정상장기의 비유효에너지와 초기방사능을 1 Ci로 설정하여 흡수선량을 산정하였다. 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션의 정확성 평가에서 상대선량 차이가 가장 많은 지점이 1.96%로 MCNPX에서 제시한 상대오차 2%를 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 담도 주변 정상장기의 비유효에너지 및 흡수선량은 담도와비교적 인접한 위치에 있는 우측신장, 간, 췌장, 횡행결장, 척수, 위장, 소장이 높았고, 담도와의 거리가 떨어져 있는 장기들인 좌측신장, 비장, 상행결장, 하행결장, S상결장이 낮게 나타났다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권12호
• /
• pp.7657-7661
• /
• 2013

Background: This study concerns uptake and results of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening of government servant as part of the Health Screening Program that was conducted in Brunei Darussalam in 2009. Materials and Methods: Government servants above the age of 40 or with family history of CRC were screened with a single fecal occult blood test (FIT, immunohistochemistry). Among 11,576 eligible subjects, 7,360 (66.9%) returned their specimen. Subjects with positive family history of CRC (n=329) or polyps (n=135) were advised to attend clinics to arrange screening. All the subjects with positive FIT (n=142, 1.9%) were referred to the endoscopy unit for counselling for screening colonoscopy. Results: Overall only 17.7% of eligible subjects attended for screening; 54.9% (n=79/142) of positive FIT, 8.8% (n=29/329) of positive family history of CRC and none with history of polyps (n=0/135). Of these, only 54 patients (50.5%) agreed for colonoscopy, 52 (48.6%) declined as they were asymptomatic, and one was not offered (0.9%) due to his very young age. On screening colonoscopy, 12.9% (n=7) had advanced lesions including a sigmoid carcinoma in situ and six advanced polyps. The other findings included non advanced polyps (n=21), diverticular (n=11) and hemorrhoids (n=26). One patient who missed his screening colonoscopy appointment re-presented two years later and was diagnosed with advanced right sided CRC. All the advanced lesions were detected in patients with positive FIT, giving a yield of 20.5% for advanced lesions including cancers in the 5.1% FIT positive subjects. Conclusions: Our study showed screening for CRC even with a single FIT was effective. However, the uptake rate was poor with just over half of the patients agreeing to screening colonoscopy. Measures to increase public awareness are important. Since one limitation of our study was the relatively small sample size, larger studies should be conduced in future.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.307-318
• /
• 1988

가토 신장 피질에서 Percoll density gradient방법으로 분리한 basolateral membrane vesicle (BLMV)에서 rapid filtration technique을 이용하여 succinate의 이동 특성을 관찰하였다. $Na^+$은 succinate의 이동을 증가시켜 "overshoot"현상을 보였으며 이러한 효과는 $K^+,{\;}Li^+,{\;}Rb^+,{\;}choline$과 같은 다른 양이온들에 의해 나타나지 않았다. $Na^+$농도변화에 따른 succinate의 이동율은 sigmoid모양을 보였고, $Na^+$에 대한 Hill coefficient는 2.0이었다. soccinate의 이동은 vesicle 내부가 음전압일 때 더욱 증가되었다. BLMV에서 succinate이동은 용액내 pH변화에 따라 영향을 받았으나 brush border membrane vesicle (BBMV)에서는 영향을 받지 않았다. 동력학적 분석결과 succinate의 Km값은 $15.5{\pm}0.94{\;}{\mu}M$이었고 Vmax는 $16.22{\pm}0.25{\;}n{\;}mole/mg{\;}protein/min$이었다. succinate의 이동은 $4{\sim}5$탄소를 가진 dicarboxylate들에 의해 강력하게 억제되었으나 monocarboxylate나 다른 유기음이온들에 의해 영향을 적게 받거나 받지 않았다. succinate의 이동은 DIDS, SITS, furosemide와 같은 음이온 이동 억제제와 harmaline과 같은 $Na^+$ 이동 억제제에 의해 억제되었다. 이들 결과들은 BLMV에서 succinate는 $Na^+$에 의존하여 이동하며 다른 Krebs cycle중간 산물들과 동일한 운반기전을 이용함을 가르킨다. 또한 BLMV에서 succinate의 이동은 그 기질특이성에 있어서 다른 연구자에 의해 보고된 BBMV에서 이동특성과 유사함을 보였다.