• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2008년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.96-102
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• 2008

For centuries now, wind tunnels have been a key element in scientific research in a number of fields. Experimenting with racecars, airplanes, weather patterns, birds, and various other areas has been made much easier because of its development. In the racing field, for example, the information gathered from this testing can mean the difference between winning and losing a race. Weather simulations can also provide valuable information regarding building stability and safety. This has become very important when designing buildings today. Valuable information concerning bird flight has also been collected based on wind tunnel testing. Wind tunnels have a variety of important uses in the world today. Wind tunnel that used here is an open loop low speed wind tunnel. The fundamental principles of this tunnel is moving the air using exhaust fan In the rear side, and placing the cube in the external balance system which used to measure the working force. This experiment is using 50mm cube of finished wood. From this experiment we can get Drag Force (FD), The Reynolds Number (Re) and The Coefficient of Brae (CD).

• 건축역사연구
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1995

This study aims 1) to estimate the form of living house of pre-urbanization of Inchon, and 2) to ensure originality of to be achieve urban plan and living space plan which is base on local character by 3) arranging changed character of living space through the urbanization sequence by invest of house in natural village at Pupyung. The character of arranging living space of house at Pupyung is placing Sarang-chae(husband's block of house) instead of making another Haenrang-chae (visitor's block of house) and Sarang-chae is attach importance to Man's living space but today, have disappearing the uses of Sarang-bang (husband's living space) because by Man lives An-bang(originally woman's space). The character of plan is arranging room in both side of Maru(wooden living floor) in spite of different structure, and the uses of plan or room is changing to fit to purpose of according to environment of living. Generally, the structure is made by natural stone and cubed column, and used smaller member cause by rare wood material.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.704-712
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• 2018

This study analyzed working postures using the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS) to improve work clothes for construction workers. A video taken at a construction work site was stopped at regular intervals and the postures of relevant body parts proposed by OWAS was recorded. Additionally, based on analysis of the working postures code, the level of work action for each postures was classified from stage I to IV. General workers frequently straightened or bent forward at the waist, and used their legs to stand, bend, or walk. Wood workers moved extensively from the waist, keeping their legs relatively straight and their arms held below their shoulders, repeatedly tapping with a hammer weighing less than 10.0kg. Rebar bending workers mainly bent forward at the waist, with both legs bent or standing with one leg bent. Rebar transport and fixing workers walked with the waist straight, and occasionally one or both hands held above the shoulders. Their work also involved holding a hook, which weigh less than 10.0kg, in their hands, and the difficult task of lifting and placing long rebars, which weigh from 10.0 to 20.0kg or more. Concrete pouring workers bent or twisted their back to the side. Therefore, this study suggests that design goals should be different when developing workwear for each type of worker.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.31-63
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• 1991

원판의 관행 열기건조시 잔적위치에 따른 건조속도(乾燥速度)의 차이는 심하였고, 원판의 직경이 변이가 클수록 건조속도(乾燥速度)의 변화기복도 심하였으나, 강압건조(減壓乾操)의 경우 건조속도(乾操速度)는 잔적위치와 원판 직경의 변이에 영향을 받지 않은 것이 확인되었다. 원판 내층(內層)의 접선방향 표면응력(表面應力)은 수종, 엔드래핑처리 및 직경생장부위(直徑生長部位)에 관계없이 미미한 압축응력(壓縮應力)을 나타냈고, 무처리 원판은 수(髓)로부터 6cm인 점을 임계점(臨界點)으로하여 수(髓) 부위쪽이 원주부(圓周部) 쪽보다 더 큰 압축응력(壓縮應力)을 나타내는 일계단상(一階段狀)의 분포모형을 보인 반면에, 한지 엔드래핑 원판은 균일한 분포모형을 나타냈는데, 이는 한지 엔드래핑의 경우 한지에 의한 표면수분 증발 억제효과로 심재와 변재부위간에 수분유동속도(水分流動速度)의 차이가 작았기 때문인 것으로 판단되며, 한지 엔드래핑은 내층(內層)의 압축응력(壓縮應力)을 억제하는 효과가 컸음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 수축이방법(收縮異方性)에 기인한 접선방향 응력은 원주선상에서 최대인장응력(最大引張應力)을 나타냈고, 수(髓)를 향할수록 점점 감소하여 수(髓) 근처에서 압축응력(壓縮應力)으로 전환되는 분포모형을 보였다. 건조종료시 오리나무, 호도나무 및 은행나무의 한지 엔드래핑 원판의 접선방향 최대인장응력(最大引張應力)은 무처리 원판보다 작았고, 한지 엔드래핑 원판의 V형 크랙발생 임계함수율(臨界含水率)도 무처리 원판에 비하여 더 낮게 나타났는데, 이것은 한지의 수분증발 억제효과에 따른 원판의 영구변형화(永久變形化)에 기인한 것으로 생각된다. 감압건조(減壓乾操) 응력분포시험(應力分布試驗)에서 V형 크랙은 한지(韓紙)와 알루미늄호일 엔드래핑 원판에서는 전혀 발생하지 않았고, 무처리 원판에서도 매우 경미하게 발생하였다. 또한 심재할열(心材割裂)도 오리나무와 호도나무의 한지(韓紙) 엔드래핑 원판에서는 전혀 발생하지 않았고, 기타의 원판에서도 그 발생 정도는 매우 경미하였다. 특히 한지는 물론 알루미늄호일 엔드래핑 원판의 감압건조(減壓乾燥)는 건조결함을 예방하는 데 효과적이었고, 더구나 은행나무는 110시간만에, 오리나무는272시간, 그리고 호두나무는 407시간만에 각각 이용함수율(利用含水率) 수준까지 건조가 가능하여, 건조시간이 크게 단축되었다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.23-38
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analogize the appearance of Korean Ancient Architecture in view of the Stone Remains from 3 Kingdom Period to Unificated Shilla Period. But in these period, there is no building remains but some stupas and fine arts. Especially, there are many architectural appearance and revealing signature in these Historical Stone remains. Architectural elements which are analogized by stone remains what has value as historical materials by preservation of original form from 3 Kingdom Preiod to Unificated Shilla Period are as follows : 1) Platform, the representative characteristic of Korean traditional architecture, was frame structure and accumulate structure. And circular or square footing stood a same shape column on it is put on the platform. 2) In the case of column, there used entasis column and inclined column and circular chamfer technique was applied on the top side of it. Upper side of column, capital and head pentrating tie that small bearing block was put on the center of it was joined. And longitu야nal rest(長舌) supported a cross beam. Capital and small bearing block had no bottom heel, and heel side was curved and straight. Centered bracket structure was often used, and multi bracket structure is not used yet. Inward incline technique was used. 3) Inward opening pair door which had lintel, threshold, doorjamb was usually used, Fixing stone was used for structural safety, and circular handle and lock was used for decoration. Handrail was used on the edge of wooden floor for decorative effect and safety. 4) Square rafter and circular rafter were used in the same period and so did flying rafter. Double eaves and single eave were used in the same period but, single eave was usually used. In this period, square rafter was usually used. This would be studied more by comparing with Japanese wooden architecture. 5) Hipped roof was used and half-hipped roof was not used yet. In front of th hip, there are small sculpture called Jap-Sang(雜像), and windbell was hang on the end of the hip rafter. Concave roof tile, convex roof tile, round eaver tile, decorative tile at end of roof ridge were used. Lotus style was well used on the face of roof tile for decoration. From the results of this study, wooden architecture of Unificated Shilla period was simple compare to Koryo dynasty and Chosun dynasty but, it had some brilliant character. It was hard work that analogized the form of non-existent wood architecture of Ancient Korean period by restricted stone remains. But, in addition to the results of this study and research of old documentations, more study should be go on.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.8-20
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• 1976

소나무 천연임분(天然林分)의 변이(變異)를 연구하기 위해 1974년도(年度)의 3개집단선발(個集團選拔)에 이어서 소나무 3개집단(個集團)이 강원도(江原道) 명주군(溟州群) 연곡면(連谷面) 삼산리(三山里)(4), 경북(慶北) 울진군(蔚珍郡) 서면(西面) 하원리(下院里)(5), 경기도(京畿道) 수원시(水原市) 이목동(梨木洞)(6)에서 선발(選拔)되었다. 각(各) 집단별(集團別)로 20개체(個體)의 임목(林木)이 선정되어 외부형태학적(外部形態學的) 특성(特性) 그리고 침엽(針葉) 및 재질(材質)의 특성(特性)이 조사되었다. 이 결과는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 침엽(針葉)의 특성중(特性中)에서 거치밀도(鋸齒密度), 수지도수(樹脂道數)는 통계학적(統計學的)으로 집단간(集團間)에 차이(差異)를 갖지 않았지만 엽(葉) 양면(兩面)의 기공열(氣孔列)은 통계학적(統計學的)으로 집단간(集團間)에 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되었다. 그러나 개체간(個體間)에는 모든 침엽(針葉)의 특성(特性)에서 유의(有意)한 차이(差異)가 지적(指摘)될 수 있었다. 2. 어느 집단(集團)을 막론하고 기공열(氣孔列)에 있어서는 잎의 복면(腹面)과 배면간(背面間)에 높은 상관(相關)을 지니고 있었다. 3. 연주군(溟州郡) 집단(集團)이 수지도(樹脂道) 지수(指數)에서 높은 값을 보였는데 이것은 그 집단(集團)이 잡종성(雜種性)을 지녔다는 것을 뜻한다. 4. 재질(材質)의 특성(特性)에서 연륜폭(年輪幅)과 추재율(秋材率)은 집단간(集團間)에 통계학상(統計學上) 차이(差異)를 보였지만 비중(比重)과 가도관장(假導管長)은 집단간차이(集團間差異)가 없었다. 그러나 한 집단내(集團內)에 있어서는 모든 값이 연륜구분간(年輪區分間)에 통계학적(統計學的) 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되었다. 5. 연륜폭(年輪幅)은 수령증가(樹令增加)에 따라 급(急)히 감소(減少)했지만 추재율(秋材率), 비중(比重), 가도관장(假導管長)은 장령기(壯令期)까지는 서서(徐徐)히 증가(增加)하고 그 후(後)에 점차로 감소(減少)하였다. 그렇지만 감소(減少)하는 증가(增加)하는 양상(樣相)은 집단(集團)에 따라 다소(多少) 차이(差異)가 있었다. 6. 모든 침엽특성(針葉特性)에 의(義)한 변이계수(變異係數)에서 울진집단(蔚珍集團)의 값이 대체로 높았다. 그리고 모든 재질(材質)의 특성(特性)에 의(義)한 변이계수(變異係數)에서 수원집단(水原集團)의 값이 언제나 가장 높았고 명주군집단(溟洲郡集團)의 값은 가장 낮았다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 11호
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• pp.31-44
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• 1970

접목법에 대체할 수 있는 새로운 상묘의 생산방법으로서 삽목재육묘의 육성법에 대하여 연구하였다. 1. 신소를 삽목하면 15 일후부터 발근하기 시작하여 거의 직선적으로 발근양이 증가하며 삽木 40일후에는 발근수 43본, 총근중 5.4g, 총근장 11.19mm에 달한다. 2. 신소삽목의 활착비율은 56~90%의 범위내에 있고 그 평균은 73% 정도이며 품종별로 보면 개량서반, 일지뢰가 80% 정도로 가장 좋고 시평이 가장 못하다. 3. 품종간에 있어서의 발근량은 개량서반, 일지뢰, 수원상4호, 노상은 거의 같은 정도로 많고 용천추우와 시평은 적다. 4. 발근촉진제는 NAA 0.01~0.02%에 2~3초 침지하며 그대로 삽목하는 것이 발근량도 못하지 않고 또 경제적이다. 5. 삽수의 채취량 증가와 경제적인 이용을 위해서는 1) 50cm 정도의 신소를 채취하여 2본씩의 삽수를 채취하고 중간부의 삽수의 기부는 반드시 절치하에서 절단하도록 할 것이며 2) 50cm 미만의 것도 전부 채취하여 이용한다. 가는 삽수나 생장정지아도 발근량은 약간못하나 상당히 발근하므로 이용가치가 있다. 3) 이렇게 하면 10a당 100,000본 이상의 삽수를 채취할 수 있다. 6. 삽수의 하단은 절치하에서 45$^{\circ}$로 사단한 다음 그 뒷면을 삭제하면 그 발근량을 증가시킬 수가 있다. 7. 재육묘를 육성하기 위한 삽목원묘는 10a당 100,000본을 삽목하여도 묘질은 약간 떨어지지만 실용적으로는 원묘로 이용하는데 별 지장이 없을 정도이다. 8. 삽목시기는 7월 중순까지는 그 시기가 늦어지는데 따라서 묘질은 약간 떨어지지만 충분히 이용가치가 있으므로 6월 상순부터 7월 중순까지사이에 수회에 걸쳐서 삽목할 수 있으며 6월하순이후에는 춘벌상수의 신소를 삽수로 이용한다. 9. 재육묘는 원묘의 중량이 10g 이상인 것은 그 성묘비율이 95% 이상이 되고 5~10g의 작은 원묘는 80% 이상의 성묘비율이 되며 그 묘질도 접목묘와 비슷하다. 10. 원묘를 식재할 때에는 그 묘조는 신조의 기부에 3~4아 남기고 절단하도록 한다. 11. 삽목재육묘의 생산비는 접목묘의 52%이다.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제15권
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• pp.78-95
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• 2014

국립중앙박물관 소장 고려시대 칠기 6점을 대상으로 엑스선 ^X-ray 촬영과 현미경 조사, SEM-EDS 분석 등 과학적인 조사를 실시하여 고려시대 칠기의 재질 및 제작기법의 특징을 연구하였다. 조사 결과 칠제합 ^{덕수 4123}을 제외한 나머지 고려시대의 칠기 유물은 목심 ^木心 표면에 직물 ^織物을 입혀 옻칠을 한 목심저피칠기 ^{木芯紵皮漆器} 양식으로 만들어졌음이 밝혀졌다. 화형합과 송엽형합의 목심은 뚜껑의 천판 ^天板 이나 몸체 바닥판의 외각에 두께가 얇은 띠 모양의 목재를 돌려 감아 기벽을 만들었다. 또한 꽃모양 칠제배 ^{덕수 4124}는 권태 ^捲胎 양식 ^樣式과 유사하게 띠 모양의 목재를 나선형으로 감아올려 기벽을 형성한 후 바닥을 판재로 막고 굽을 달아 칠기 잔의 형태를 만든 것으로 나타났다. 현미경을 이용한 광학적 조사에서는 목재나 직물심 위에 골분 ^骨粉을 혼합한 골회 ^骨灰 옻칠을 먼저 하고, 그 위에 다시 옻칠을 중첩하여 바르는 칠기법이 공통적으로 확인되었다. SEM-EDS 및 μ-XRF ^{미소부 형광X-ray} 분석 결과 꽃모양 칠제배 ^{덕수 4124} 표면에는 진사 ^{辰砂: HgS}를 섞은 주칠 ^朱漆이 사용된 것으로 나타났다. 또한 뚜껑에 반점 무늬가 있는 송엽형 칠제합 ^{덕수 4190}은 석황 ^{石黃: As₂S₃}을 섞은 황색 칠을 도장하고 그 위에 연매 ^煙煤를 혼합한 흑색칠로 불규칙한 반점을 찍어 독특한 무늬를 표현한 것으로 조사되었는데 이 칠제합의 측면에 발라진 주칠에는 진사와 연단 ^{鉛丹: Pb₃O₄}을 혼합한 옻칠이 사용된 것으로 나타났다.

• 복식
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.15-31
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• 2000

1. After the Chu Dynasty(周代), we can confirm the fish shape mark made of stones as the relics of the Chunkuk dynasty(戰國時代). In the Shu Dynasty(隋代), the system of bamboo and the rabbit shape mark made of silver into the fish shape mark. As it were, made of bamboo or siltier changed into the fish shape mark made of jade, gold, silver or wood. 2. In the Dang Dynasty(唐代), the used the fish shape credit mark made of jade, gold, silver, copper or textile, according to their classes. According to one's posit the man who wore purple, red coat, credit mark made a gold and silver. attached with putting them in fish bags. 3. In the Ryo Dynasty(遼代), there was also a system of attaching marks. The emperor was hanging the fish shape and the officials attached the double fish shape to the common dress. fish shape of jade. gold, amber, agate, silver or copper. without any fish bag. 4. The Song Dynasty(宋代) followed the system of the Dang Dynasty they used only the fish shape bags without marks in them. Hanging the fish shape bags made of gold and silver at the back side of the belt. 5. The Gin Dynasty(金代) carried out the system of made jade, gold or silver like the Dang, Song and Ryo Dynasty. In the Sejong Kingdom a system of paper card was carried out as the credit mark of the eighth and the ninth grade. 6. In the Ming Dynasty(明代), the military official general attached the golden, silver, ivory of jade, wood and copper cards with their positions and names. 7. Following the Dang Dynasty, Japan made of fish shape bags to their clothes. Colors of their fish shape marks were same as their clothes. They made the marks, such as crystal, cow's horn, lead and nickel and plated them with gold or silver. 8. In Korea, Pohai(발해) established the fish shape credit mark differed in material. gold, silver or copper according to their positions. We can confirm the Unified Silla(南國;統一新羅), carried out the system of attaching the fish shape in Chonma Chong(천마총), Golden Crown Chong(金冠塚), the King's 13-17 belt ring unearthed at the north part of Court South threat Chong(황남대총), the fish shape golden or silver, to their purple or red ceremonial coats. In the Koryo Dynasty(高麗), like the Dang, Song and Pohai, they attached the fish shape golden or silver marks, to their purple or red ceremonial coats.

• 복식
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• 제26권
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• pp.221-232
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• 1995

It was aimed to study the costume of Koryo dynasty based upon the one hundred and thirty four pictures of the engraved painting on the wood. The costume to study were made about 400 years during the King Mok-jong(1006) to the forth year of the king Wu based upon the Avatamaka Sutra and Pulsul-Yaesu 가) Men's wear 1. Hair style and hair dress ; Man tied up a top knot and they put on the hat such as a Kuan, Kun, and Mo. The young boys binds his hair up one, two, and three knots. 2. Clothes : 1) King wore an uniform of Mien-lu Kuan system. 2) The Crown Prince and high rank officials wore Yuan-yu-Kuan Won-jung-po-ju-Kuan, Sa-bang-Kuan, Yun-wha-Kuan and montain shape Po-ju-Kuan as a court dress. 3) Officials put on the Pok-du as an official dress and Won-jung-ip-mo, Kun and Mo as an everyday dress, the monk put on the diamond shape Do-kuan and Du-kun and the soldier put on the Helmet. Costume system of man was as follows ; They wore exchanged shape collar, big sleeve jacket, long skirt, apron, hanging precious stone big belt as a Mien-pok. 4) The soldiers wore helmet, Keun-Kap, Scarf, Pee-Bak, Hung-Kap, Pok-Kap, Yang-Dang-Kap, We-Yo-Kap, Kum-Kap, and caries arms. Lower-level officials wore Pe-Bal, Kun-Mo, gae, won-leung, very small sleve jacket, a long coat reaching up to the knee length, slacks, belt, loin cloth and apron. 5) Children's bind their hair up angle shape and wore a half long jacket raching up to the hip and slacks. 나) Women's wear; 1. hair style and hair dress; 1) High rank women's hair style was very extravaganceful. They made their hair top knot (one, two, or more knots) and decoraed precious stone, pan shape head dress, wheel shape head dress, and flower shape precious stone decorated head dress. 2. Clothes ; 1) High rank ladi's wore Kun-Kyun attached jacket, and jacket sleeves decorated pleats, and pleats decorated long skirt, apron, back apron, knot belt, scarf, this type is the same with Dang Dynasty, five dynasty of china, Song, Kum, Won, Myung Dynasty, and our costume of Poe-hae, and Shilla Dyansty. 2) Official ladies wore exchange shape collor, big sleeve jacket, long pleats skirt, apron, and back apron, scarf. 3) Women wore top knot hair style and decorated by ribbons. Shoulder scarf attached small sleeve jacket and wore reaching up to the knee length. Side seam is open and under wear was long skirt. 4) High knot hair style and exchanged shape collor jacket, under wear wore long skirt. They wore under skirts and the jackets. 5) High knot hair style, exchange shape collor jacket reaching up to the knee length small sleeve under wear wore long skirt, belt. 6) High knot hair style, big sleeve jacket and long skirt. 7) Foot wear wore boots, mokasin type shoes, sandal.