• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.174-179
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• 1986

Augmentin is a formulation of amoxycillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate, a fused beta-lactam molecule produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces clavuligerus. Most clinically important resistance is due to the production by bacteria of antibiotic destroying enzymes. In the case of penicillins and cephalosporins these enzymes are termed beta-lactamase as they destroy the beta-lectern ring of these antibiotics, completely inactivating them. The presence of clavulanic acid extends the spectrum of amoxycillin to include bet On clinical study of the intravenous Augmentin in the field of thoracic and cardiovascular surgical cases, we selected randomly 30 patients, 21 male and 9 female, age from 13 to 72, in the period from April to December 1985. Among the total 30 patients, 22 were preoperatively infected [11 thoracic empyema, 5 lobar pneumonia, 2 lung abscess, 2 bronchiectasis, one acute pyelonephritis with ureter stone and one rheumatic carditis], and 8 were not infected preoperatively [Table 1, 2]. Of the preoperatively infected group, 11 cases [50%] were culture positive [4 staphylococcus, 3 pseudomonas, 2 Serratia group, and one E. coli], and preoperatively non-infected group [8 cases] revealed expectedly negative findings on bacterial culture. All of the culture positive bacteria were sensitive to Augmentin on disc culture sensitivity test except one case of E. coli. Daily doses of intravenous Augmentin were 2.-1-6.0gm divided in 2-5 injections. Every injection administered [1.2gm at Augmentin dissolved in 20ml distilled water] slowly for more than 20 minutes. Duration of injection was variable according to the clinical conditions from minimum 5 to maximum 31 days. The results of antibiotic treatment with Augmentin and some other antibiotic combinations pre- and postoperatively were subgrouped as EXCELLENT, EFFECTIVE, and FAILURE. Clinical criteria of the therapeutic result were symptomatic, objective and laboratory improvement. 8 cases were excellent, 13 effective, and one failure among the preoperatively infected group, and all 8 cases of the preoperatively non-infected group were effective as pro;hylactive antibiotic therapy. Overall effective ratio was 97% in both subgroup. There was no side effect clinically and laboratory study including liver and kidney function test during and after the I.V. administration of Augmentin. Oral swallow tablets which were administered after discharge from hospital also revealed good effects with some degree of gastrointestinal trouble.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.254-260
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• 2019

Background: The primary aims of periodontal disease treatment is to remove dental plaque and calculus, the main causes of tooth loss, and restore periodontal tissue destroyed by inflammation. Periodontal disease treatment should also help maintain the alveolar bone, alleviate inflammation, and promote periodontal ligament cell proliferation, which is essential for tissue regeneration. Conventional antibiotics and anti-inflammatories have adverse side effects, especially during long-term use, so there is a need for adjunct treatment agents derived from natural products. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the herbal flavone baicalein has the osteogenic activity under inflammatory conditions, and assess the involvement of osteoblast immediate early response 3 (IER3) expression. Methods: Human osteoblastic MG-63 cells were cultured with the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β in the presence and absence of baicalein. Proliferation was assessed using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and expression of IER3 mRNA was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of IER3 protein levels and activation of associated signal transduction pathways were assessed using western blotting. Results: Baicalein increased IER3 mRNA and protein expression synergistically. In addition, baicalein reversed the suppression of cell proliferation, and the downregulation of osteogenic transcription factor runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Baicalein also upregulated the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2). The upregulation of IER3 by pro-inflammatory cytokines was blocked by pretreatment with inhibitors of AKT, p38, JNK, and ERK 1/2. Conclusion: Baicalein mitigates the deleterious responses of osteoblasts to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further, IER3 enhanced the effect of baicalein via activation of AKT, p38, JNK, and ERK pathways.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2008

A sensitive and simple method of determining the plasma levofloxacin (LFX, CAS 100986-85-4) concentrations in human volunteers by liquid-liquid extraction were developed and validated by using a high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector. The method was also applied to pharmacokinetic study of LFX. LFX was orally administered to 8 healthy male Korean volunteers at single lowest dose of 200 mg, compared to the published reports in which more than 500 mg of LFX was orally administered. LFX in human plasma was determined. The detection limit of LFX was $0.05\;{\mu}g/mL$. $C_{max}$ value was $2.48{\pm}0.67\;{\mu}g/mL$. $AUC_{0{\to}24\;hr$} and $AUC_{0{\to}{\infty}}$ were $14.52{\pm}3.35\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $16.00{\pm}3.66\;{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/mL$, respectively. The terminal half-life was $6.87{\pm}0.46\;hr$. Our pharmacokinetic parameters were very consistent with that previously reported, showing good correlation between LFX doses and AUC ($r^2=0.995$). This method can be useful for the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence study with relatively low dose for reducing the main side effects of LFX.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

최근까지 박테리오신 생산균주의 분리, 분자생물학적 메커니즘, 정제, 구조 및 작용기작, 산업적인 적용 등의 논문 등이 보고되고 있다. 또한 50개국 이상에서 치즈, 통조림식품 등에서 식품보존제로서 승인되어 있다. 박테리오신의 여러 장점으로 인해 현재 추진되고 있는 축산업 분야의 HACCP의 범위인, 사육장에서부터 식품제조에 이르기까지 항생물질, 인공적인 방부제나 식품첨가물이 적게 들어가거나 첨가되지 않은 자연식품을 선호하고 있는 실정에 적합하다. 향후 축산업에서 항생제 대체방안의 하나로서 박테리오신의 사용은 확대되리라 기대된다. 경제적인 가격 경쟁력을 갖기 위해, 대량생산에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 하며, 적절한 제형으로 보다 구체적인 적용실험이 수행되어 산업화를 앞당겨야 한다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2015

메치실린내성 황색포도상구균(MRSA)은 가장 중요한 지역 사회 병원성 균주의 하나로서 항생제 내성 문제가 세계적으로 대두되고 있다. 감염 치료에 대한 부작용과 내성이 적은 새로운 항생제의 개발에 많은 관심과 연구가 필요하다. Cinnamomum camphora는 제주도에서 자생하는 녹나무과의 식물이다. 민간에서는 신경 쇠약, 간질, 방광염, 신우 신염, 당뇨, 암과 당뇨병 치료제로 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 80% 에탄올을 이용하여 녹나무잎을 추출물하여 임상에서 분리한 메치실린 내성 균주에 대한 항균활성을 연구하였다. 그 결과 녹나무잎 추출물에서 높은 항균활성을 관찰 할 수 있었고, 항생제와의 병용처리 녹나무잎 추출물의 MIC와 MBC의 범위는 $156-313{\mu}g/ml$와 $313-625{\mu}g/ml$로 판독되었고, oxacillin의 병용처리의 범위는 $1288-256{\mu}g/ml$와 $128-512{\mu}g/ml$, 그리고 ampicillin의 병용처리 범위는 ${\mu}g/ml$와 $8-128{\mu}g/ml$로 판독되었다. 녹나무잎 추출물과 항생제의 병용처리는 MRSA 항균활성에 대한 상승효과가 높게 나타났다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2016

여드름은 면포, 구진, 낭종, 결절, 색소 침착 등 다양한 피부병변으로 나타나는 모낭피지선의 만성 염증질환으로 사춘기부터 성인기까지 발생 연령대가 다양해지고 있다. 한편, 약물 부작용으로 여드름이 발생하기도 하는데, 표피성장인자(epidermal grouwth factor, EGF) 수용체 억제제 항암제를 사용할 경우 75 ~ 100%에서 여드름양 모낭염이 발생된다고 보고되고 있다. 여드름의 치료로 항생제, 레티노이드 경구 복용 및 외용 약제 도포 등 다양한 방법이 이용되고 있다. 그러나 최근 들어 레티노이드 기형 유발 가능성 및 Propionibacterium acne의 항생제 내성률 증가는 기존 치료의 한계로 여겨진다. 따라서 본 연구는 최근 여드름양 발진에 효과가 있다고 알려진 EGF를 함유한 외용제가 여드름 치료에 미치는 효과와 안정성을 평가하였다. 한국 성인 10 ~ 29세 23명을 대상으로 EGF 함유 제품(트러블컨트롤 EGF)과 3종 제품(트러블컨트롤 클래리파잉 클렌징폼, 트러블컨트롤 올-클리어 필링토너, 레드롤 카밍 모이스처)을 하루 두 번 사용하도록 하였다. 사용 후 영상 피지량, 경표피수분손실량, 피부 홍조 측정, 전문가 육안 평가, 사용 후 만족도 설문조사를 평가하였다. 최종 측정 시, 피부 피지량, 경피수분손실량, 피부 홍조가 통계학적으로 감소하였으며, 전문가 육안 평가에서 여드름 병변(면포, 구진)도 통계학적으로 감소하였다. 연구동안 심각한 부작용은 관찰되지 않았다. 표피성장인자 함유 외용제는 경도의 여드름에 안전하면서도 효과적으로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 동의생리학회지
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• 제14권2호통권20호
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• pp.189-198
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• 1999

Aminoglycosides, including gentamicin, have been used as antibiotics for the various infections by gram-negative bacteria. However, there are some restrictions for using these drugs. Gentamicin, a typical aminoglycoside, has the side effect of nephrotoxicity, including polyuria, glycosuria, proteinuria, glomerulonephritis, and uremia. The aims of this study were to examine the prevention or reduction effects of Jinmootang on the gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and to investigate the possible mechanisms on the effect of Jinmootang. The subcutaneous injections of 60mg of gentamicin per kg of boby weight to Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 days induced typical symptoms of nephrotoxicity by aminoglycosides. 0.6ml of water extract Jinmootang (100ml/chup) was orally treated in the experimental animal. 24-hour urine was collected with the metabolic cage and plasma was sampled from the abdominal aorta. The plasma concentration of sodium was significantly decreased by the treatment of gentamicin but it was not-significantly changed by the treatment of Jinmootang to the animal. The concentration of potassium was greatly decreased in the gentamicin-treated animals. However. it was returned to the normal level in the Jinmootang-treated animals. The concentrations of creatinine and urea were increased by gentamicin treatment. But, Jinmootang reduced these concentrations. Nevertheless, the osmolalities of plasma in both group were not different from each other. Even though the plasma concentration of aldosterone was not significantly changed, the mean value was increased by the gentamicin intoxication. The concentration of aldosterone was decreased by the treatment of Jinmootang. The reduction of aldosterone level in plasma could be a factor to improve the hypokalemia. The fractional excretion of potassium was much higher than normal by the treatment of gentamicin and it was decreased by 50% in the Jinmootang-treated rats. Therefore, the reabsorption of potassium was significantly increased by the treatment of Jinmootang, even though the filtered load of potassium in the experimental group was much highter than control. Even though the concentration of plasma aldosterone was decreased by the treatment of Jinmootang, the fractional excretion of sodium was not increased, slightly lower. These data suggested that Na reabsorption was increased in the proximal tubule by Jinmootang. The filtered load of glucose in the Jinmootang-treated group was greater than in control. Nevertheless, the fractional excretion of glucose in the experimental group was not different from that in control. These results indicate that glucose reabsorption was increase in the proximal tubule by Jinmootang treatment. The results of this study suggest that Jinmootang could improve the some nephrotoxic symptoms induced by gentramicin treatment. Hypokalemia, the reduced glomerular filtration rate, and dysfunctions of renal proximal tubule and distal nephron were significantly recovered to normal level. The increase of glomerular filtration rate by Jinmootang might contribute to eliminate the waste product, including creatinine and urea, and/or gentamicin through the kidney.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.219-227
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• 1999

만성 폐질환 환자의 하부 기도감염은 건강인의 지역사회감염 폐렴과 달리 원인균이 다양하며, 병원내 감염이나 특히 집중치료를 받고 있는 중환자실 환자의 폐렴은 보통 한 가지 이상의 병원균에 의하여 발생하는 경우가 많아 보다 넓은 항균범위를 가진 항균제의 필요성은 더욱 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 호흡기 질환 중 폐렴으로 입원한 환자 30명을 대상으로 cefpirome의 임상적 유효성 과 안정성을 알아보기 위하여 cefpirome 1gm을 단독으로 하루 2회 환자들에게 투여하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 전체 30례 중 21례(70%)는 아주 유효하였고, 7례(23%)는 유효하여, cefpirome의 전체적인 임상적 유효율은 93%이었다. 2) 객담배양검사 결과 원인균이 동정된 14례 중 전예에서 cefpirome에 감수성이 있었으며, 추적 배양결과 11례(78.6%)에서 약제사용 후 균소설을 확인할 수 있었다. 3) 약제사용중 부작용은 transaminase가 경미하게 상승된 경우가 5례(16.7%)가 있었으나 문제없이 정상화되었으며, 프로트롬빈 시간은 2례(6.7%)에서 연장되었으나 임상적으로 투약을 중단할 정도의 중요한 부작용은 없었다. 이상의 결과로 cefpirome은 폐렴, 특히 만성 폐질환이 있는 환자에서 단일요법으로 선택하여 유용하고 안전하게 사용할 수 있는 약제로 생각된다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.431-445
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• 2000

In general the prevalence of old people is high and frequently have multiple diseases and symtoms requiring treatment. The nature of illness in the elderly has to be faced, and drugs do have an important part in the treatment of that illness. The purpose of this study were to describe health status and medication, and to provide some basic data for elderly's health education, especially for the right medication. Body mass index, self perceived health status, activities of daily living, disease and experience of past operation were surveyed to recognize the 249 elderly's actual health status. The degree of the elderly's understanding the way of medication, experience of side effects, experience of drug combination and incidence of drug adverse reaction along with drug combination were examined for medication. The aged $women(BMI; 10.7\pm13.3\%)$ overweighed the aged $men(BMI; 4.0\pm10.4\%)$. $69.0\%$ of them recognized their health good. Their activities of daily living were diminished following by the age group(p=0.0068) and relationship with self perceived health status were very significant(p=0.0005). They(192 elderly) suffered from multiple disease such as $osteoarthritis(49.5\%)$, $hypertension(32.0\%)$, gastric $disorder(16.1%)$, $diabetes(14.6\%)$, $osteomalacia(10.9\%)$, cardiovascular $disease(9.9\%)$, senile $cataract(5.7\%)$, skin $rash(5.2\%)$, liver $disease(4.2\%)$, kidney $disease(3.6\%)$, spinal cord $problem(3.6\%)$, respiratory $disease(2.1\%)$ $tuberculosis(1.0\%)\;etc(1.0\%).$ $28.3\%$ of them replied that they had an operation for appendictis senile cataract, peptic ulcer, spinal cord problem, pleurisy, hemorrhoid and the rest. Most of $them(87.4\%)$ knew the way very well how to use drugs, and $21.6\%$ of the replied 171 elderly experienced adverse drug reaction. Drug compliance rate were $high(83.6\%)$. In our study 56.9% of the 167 elderly took several medicine together. And $18.9\%$ of the 95 elderly who did drug combination had an experience of drug interaction. One person kept average 5.5 kinds of drugs at home among 243 elderly. They kept $digestives(79.4\%)$, $ointments(68.7\%)$, $vitamins(59.7\%)$, $analgesics(59.7\%)$, cold $medicines(45.3\%)$ antiarthritic $drugs(33.3\%)$, health $foods(27.7\%)$, antihypertensive $drugs(25.1\%)$, anti peptic ulcer $drugs(24.7\%)$, $laxatives(19.8\%)$, $antacids(16.5\%),\;antibiotics(l6.5\%)$, hypoglycemic $agents(10.3\%)$, cardiac $stimulants(7.0\%)$, $diuretics(4.5\%)$, antiarrhythmic $drugs(4.9\%)$, anti anginal $drugs(4.1\%)$, $hypnotics(3.3\%)$, $etc(38.3\%)$. With this result, we ascertain that polypharmacy in the elderly caused by multiple disease is common, which lead to drug interaction. So our task is to educate elderly how to use drugs in order to maximize their efficiency and to minimize their adverse effects.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.527-547
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• 2020

어병 세균은 어류 양식업의 경제적 피해 뿐만 아니라, 인수공통감염원으로 알려진 전염성 병원균이다. 어병 세균을 제어하기 위해 지속적인 항생제의 사용은 부작용이 수반되기 때문에, 천연 유래 소재의 개발이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 항생제대체제 개발을 위해 항세균효과가 우수한 침엽수 정유를 발굴하고자 하였다. 소나무과에 속하는 전나무 (Abies holophylla), 곰솔 (Pinus thunbergii), 섬잣나무 (Pinus parviflora), 솔송 (Tsuga sieboldii), 리기테다소나무 (Pinus rigitaeda)의 잎에서 hydro-distillation법을 이용하여 정유를 추출하였으며, 추출된 정유는 어병 세균인 Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae, Streptococcus parauberis, Lactococcus garivieae에 대하여 항균력을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 전나무와 곰솔 잎 정유가 그람 음성 세균인 E. tarda와 P. damselae에 대하여 선택적으로 강한 항균력을 나타냈다. GC-MS 분석 결과, 전나무 잎 정유의 주요 성분은 (-)-bornyl acetate (29.45%), D-limonene (20.47%), camphene (11.73%)이고, 곰솔 잎 정유의 주요 성분은 α-pinene (59.81%)으로 각각 확인되었다. 또한, 미량으로 존재하지만 정유와 동일한 효능을 나타내는 유효 성분으로 oxygenated monoterpenes인 neryl acetate, (-)-borneol, (-)-carveol의 세가지 화합물을 구명하였다. 따라서 그람 음성어병세균의 생장억제효과가 우수한 전나무와 곰솔 잎 정유는 사료 첨가제, 수산용 의약품 등 생물학적 제제로 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.