• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.970-975
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• 2010

Because Lonicerae Flos has effects of antiinflammatory and antioxidant, we studied an effect of Lonicerae Flos on reflux esophagitis (RE) through those effects. Rats were treated with three different dosages of LF (500, 250 and 125 mg/kg) orally for 14 days before pylorus and forestomach ligation. Six hrs after pylorus and forestomach ligation, we dissected a stomach and examined a stomach volume, gastric acid output, pepsin release in the stomach, total hexose, sialic acid in stomach tissue and histamine contents of sera. The results were compared with an ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (once orally, 1hr before operation, 30 mg/kg) treated group in which the effects on RE were already confirmed. Lonicerae Flos extract (LE) reduced gastric volumes compared to RE control. This indicate that LE protect a stomach mucosa by depressing of gastric acid release and corresponse with a reducing histamine content of serum. And LE decreasd a volume of pepsin in stomach compraed to RE control, LE increased contents of total hexose and sialic acid based on esophageal and gastric mucus. This indicated that an increased mucus by LE protected inflammation of esophagus mucosa and gastric mucosa induced by gastric acid. So, LE suppressed a gasric acid by decreasing a pepsin release in stomach, suppressed an injury of esophagus inducted by gastric acid with increasing esophageal mucus and a minimum dose of LE to RE was 250 mg/kg. The results suggest that antioxidant effects of LF could attenuate the severity of reflux esophagitis and prevent the esophageal mucosal damage, and validate its therapeutic use in esophageal reflux disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.691-695
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• 2016

Protein glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Aberrant protein glycosylation has been reported in various diseases, including cancer. We identified and quantified the glycan structures of O-linked glycoprotein from cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines from different histological types and compared their profiles by nanospray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (NSI-$MS^n$). Five human CCA cell lines, K100, M055, M139, M213 and M214 were characterized. The results showed that the O-linked glycans of the CCA cell lines comprised tri- to hexa-saccharides with terminal galactose and sialic acids: NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1, Gal2GlcNAc1GalNAc1, NeuAc2Gal1GalNAc1 NeuAc1Gal2GlcNAc1GalNAc1 and NeuAc2Gal2GlcNAc1GalNAc1 All five CCA cell lines showed a similar glycan pattern, but with differences in their quantities. NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 proved to be the most abundant structure in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (K100; 57.1%), moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (M055; 42.6%) and squamous cell carcinoma (M139; 43.0%), while moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (M214; 40.1%) and adenosquamous cell carcinoma (M213; 34.7%) appeared dominated by $NeuA_{c2}Gal_1GalNA_{c1}$. These results demonstrate differential expression of the O-linked glycans in the different histological types of CCA. All five CCA cell lines have abundant terminal sialic acid (NeuAc) O-linked glycans, suggesting an important role for sialic acid in cancer cells. Our structural analyses of glycans may provide important information regarding physiology of disease-related glycoproteins in CCA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.632-639
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• 2017

Mature haptoglobin (Hp) is a plasma glycoprotein and acts as an antioxidant by scavenging cell-free hemoglobin (Hb). Prohaptoglobin (proHp) is an unprocessed Hp precursor which is present a little in circulation. However, the biological function of proHp remains unknown. To investigate the structural and functional differences between proHp and Hp, we prepared recombinant proHp isoforms and compared their sialic acid content and Hb-binding capacity with those of mature isoforms. When proHp samples were analyzed by Western blot under non-reducing conditions, proHp1 was detected as one band of approximately 130 kDa and proHp2 as multiple bands >200 kDa, in the manner of mature Hp1-1 and Hp2-2, respectively. On the native polyacrylamide gel under non-reducing and non-denaturing conditions, both proHp isoforms migrated more slowly than their mature Hp counterparts. In addition, the lectin-based ELISA assay demonstrated that the content of sialic acid in proHp1 and proHp2 was much less than in Hp1-1 and Hp2-2. The Hb-binding capacity of proHp was also lower than those of mature Hp. These findings indicate that proHp and Hp are similar in the size and polymerization pattern, but different in sialic acid content and Hb-binding activity. It suggests precursor proHp may exert different functions in circulation than does mature Hp.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2016

This study was designed to determine the mutagenic potential of hydrolyzed glycomacropeptide (GMP) powder (hereafter referred to as 23%-GNANA; product name: HELICOBACTROL-23) in a micronucleus test using bone marrow in ICR mice. Three experimental groups were used: a 3-step concentration group, with a maximum concentration of 2,000 mg/kg, and other sequentially two-fold lower concentrations, a negative control group, and a positive control group. The test material was administered for 2 d to observe the frequency of micronucleus formation up to 48 h after the test material was absorbed by the body. When the polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) content of erythrocytes was compared, no significant differences were noted between the negative control group and the test group (p<0.05). Similarly, when the average numbers of micronucleated PCE (MNPCE) in 2,000 PCE per animal were compared, no significant difference was observed between the negative control group and the test group (p<0.05). No dose-response relationship with regard to the concentration of the test material administered was noted. These results allow us to conclude that hydrolyzed whey protein powder does not cause formation of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells under the applied conditions. In this study, the average frequency of micronucleus formation in PCE was significantly higher in the positive control group compared with the negative control group; thus, the test conditions were appropriate for detecting the frequency of micronucleus formation induced by the test material. In conclusion, the safety of 23%-GNANA test substance was verified in an in vivo micronucleus test in mice, conducted before the registration of HELICOBACTROL-23 as a food additive.

• Bioindustry News
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2002

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2002

Crude caseinomacropeptide (CMP) was prepared from Na-caseinate using a commercial renneting enzyme. Most of the crude CMP was released from the Na-caseinate by hydrolyzing with the enzyme for 40 min. The hydrolysis of the k-casein with carbohydrate was slower than that of the k-casein without carbohydrate, as shown by the analyses of the sialic acid content and the tricine-SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The yield of crude CMP from Na-caseinate was 3.7%. Cation exchange chromatography showed that the crude CMP consisted of 40.5% CMP and 59.5% caseinogylcomacropetide (CGP). The effect of the TCA concentration on the solubility of CMP and CGP was determined by using crude CMP. The amounts of crude CMP and sialic acid decreased in the proportion to the increase of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) concentration from 2 to 12%, suggesting that the CGP containing carbohydrate, as well as the CMP having no carbohydrate, was precipitated in a range of 4 to 12%, depending on the TCA concentration. This result supports the hypothesis that the different non-glycosylated and glycosylated forms of CMP have different sensitivities to TCA precipitation.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.99-116
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• 2016

We herein performed animal safety assessment in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations with the aim of developing sialic acid from glycomacropeptide (hereafter referred to as "GMP") as an index ingredient and functional component in functional foods. GMP is a type of whey protein derived from milk and a safe food, with multiple functions, such as antiviral activity. A test substance was produced containing 7% (w/w) sialic acid and mostly-hydrolyzed whey protein (hereafter referred to as "7%-GNANA") by enzymatic treatment of substrate GMP. The maximum intake test dose level was selected based on 5,000 mg/kg/day dose set for male NOEL (no-observed-effect-level) and female NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect-level) determined by a dose-range finding (DRF) test (GLP Center of Catholic University of Daegu, Report No. 15-NREO-001) that was previously conducted with the same test substance. To evaluate the toxicity of a repeated oral dose of the test substance in connection with the previous DRF study, 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg of the substance were administered by a probe into the stomachs of 6-week-old SPF Sprague-Dawley male and female rats for 90 d. Each test group consisted of 10 male and 10 female rats. To determine the toxicity index, all parameters, such as observation of common signs; measurements of body weight and food consumption; ophthalmic examination; urinalysis, electrolyte, hematological, and serum biochemical examination; measurement of organ weights during autopsy; and visual and histopathological examinations were conducted according to GLP standards. After evaluating the results based on the test toxicity assessment criteria, it was determined that NOAEL of the test substance, 7%-GNANA, was 5,000 mg/kg/day, for both male and female rats. No animal death was noted in any of the test groups, including the control group, during the study period, and there was no significant difference associated with test substance, as compared with the control group, with respect to general symptoms, body weight changes, food consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematological and serum biochemical examination, and electrolyte and blood coagulation tests during the administration period (P<0.05). As assessed by the effects of the test substance on organ weights, food consumption, autopsy, and histopathological safety, change in kidney weight as an indicator of male NOAEL revealed up to 20% kidney weight increase in the high-dose group (5,000 mg/kg/day) compared with the change in the control group. However, it was concluded that this effect of the test substance was minor. In the case of female rats, reduction of food consumption, increase of kidney weight, and decrease of thymus weight were observed in the high-dose group. The kidney weight increased by 10.2% (left) and 8.9% (right) in the high-dose group, with a slight dose-dependency compared with that of the control group. It was observed that the thymus weight decreased by 25.3% in the high-dose group, but it was a minor test substance-associated effect. During the autopsy, botryoid tumor was detected on the ribs of one subject in the high-dose group, but we concluded that the tumor has been caused by a naturally occurring (non-test) substance. Histopathological examination revealed lesions on the kidney, liver, spleen, and other organs in the low-dose test group. Since these lesions were considered a separate phenomenon, or naturally occurring and associated with aging, it was checked whether any target organ showed clear symptoms caused by the test substance. In conclusion, different concentrations of the test substance were fed to rats and, consequently, it was verified that only a minor effect was associated with the test substance in the high-dose (5,000 mg/kg/day) group of both male and female rats, without any other significant effects associated with the test substance. Therefore, it was concluded that NOAEL of 7%-GNANA (product name: Helicobactrol) with male and female rats as test animals was 5,000 mg/kg/day, and it thus was determined that the substance is safe for the ultimate use as an ingredient of health functional foods.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.183-193
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• 1992

흰쥐 정자의 성숙과정중에 일어나는 부정소 상피세포, 내강 및 정자 사이의 상호관계를 알아보기 위하여 각 실험군 별로 웅성호르몬 투여에 따른 탄수화물 관기의 함량 변화를 측정하였고, tunicamycin 투여 후 hexosamine의 할량 변화를 살펴봄으로써 glycosylation되는 장소를 확인하였다. 부정소두와 부정소이 상피세포내의 hexose 함량은 거세 후 5일군부터 유의성있게 감소하였고, testosterone 투여시는 각각 5일 , 10일군부터 유의하게 증가하였으며 , hexosamine과 sialic acid의 경우도 통계적으로 유의하게 변화하는 시기는 달랐으나 hexose와 유사하게 증가와 감소하는 경향이 나타났으므로 이러한 하나하나의 탄수화물 관기의 함량 변화는 웅성호르몬에 의존적임을 알 수 있었다. Tunicamycin을 투여하여 hexosamine의 함량 변화를 측정하였을 때 투여 기간에 따라 상피세포와 내강액에서 유의하게 감소하였으나, 정자에서는 일관성있게 감소되지 않았으므로 정자가 직접 hexosamine또는 여러 당단백질 합성에 관여하는 것은 아니며 부정소상피세포나 내장에 의하여 영향받을 수 있다는 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 1985

The effect of ginseng components on the potassium depleted cardiomyopathic rat heart was investigated. In the perfused heart experiment using Langendorff apparatus, the deterioration rate of contriactile force of potassium depleted rat heart (low potassium diet group) was faster than that of normal rat heart and ginseng components showed the ability to slow the deterioration rate of potassium depleted hearts. Both sialic acid contents in carcolemmal ghost and sialyltransferase activity of 40,000 * g subcellular fraction prepared from cardiac ventricular tissue of low potassium diet group were significantly decreased compared to those of normal group. The decrease of the sialic acid content and sialyltransferase activity in sarcolemma of low potassium diet group was inhibited when ginseng was concomitantly administered. Calcium uptake of sarcoplasmic reticulum prepared from low potassium diet group was significantly greaterthan that of normal group. Ginseng extract or total saponin showed the tendency to inhibit the increase of cacium uptake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1117-1124
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• 1998

Chymosin was purified from commercial rennet with DEAE Sepharose CL 6B and immobilized on CeliteTM using glutaraldehyde. Whole casein from fresh raw milk was hydrolyzed by immobilized chymosin and total CMP was isolated by trichloroacetic acid(TCA) and ultrafiltration, and characterized. The amount of chymosin purified from 15g commercial rennet by DEAE Sepharose CL 6B was 0.16g and 18mg of chymosin was immobilized on 1g of CeliteTM by 5% glutaraldehyde. Immobilized chy mosin hydrolyzed most of casein on whole casein within 2 hours to leave para casein and casei nomacropeptide(CMP). The total CMP isolated from 10g of whole casein hydrolyzate by TCA and ultrafiltration was 0.4g and 0.1g, respectively. Results of electrophoresis, amount of sialic acid, com position of amino acid and ratio of A280 to A214 showed that total CMP by TCA was purer and had more CMP without carbohydrate than one by ultrafiltration. CMP isolated from total CMP by 12% TCA precipitation was 50% of total CMP and most of caseinoglycopeptide(CGP) was removed from total CMP, indicating less amount of sialic acid in CMP than in total CMP.