• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2023

When a submerged floating tunnel is connected to the ground, there is a risk of stress concentration at the shore connection owing to the displacement imbalance caused by low confinement pressures in water and high confinement pressures in the ground. Here, the effects of the boundary condition and stiffness of the joints installed at the shore connection on the behaviors of a submerged floating tunnel and its shore connection were analyzed using a numerical method. The analysis results obtained with fixed and ground boundaries were similar due to the high stiffness of the ground boundary. However, the stability of the shore connection was found to be improved with the ground boundary as a small displacement was allowed at the boundary. The effect of the joint stiffness was evaluated by investigating the dynamic behavior of the submerged floating tunnel, the magnitude of the load acting on the bored tunnel, and the stress distribution at the shore connection. A lower joint stiffness was found to correspond to more effective relief of the stress concentration at the shore connection. However, it was confirmed that joints with low stiffness also increase the submerged floating tunnel displacement and decrease the frequency of the dynamic behavior, causing a risk of increased resonance when wave loads with low frequency are applied. Therefore, it is necessary to derive the optimal joint stiffness that can achieve both stress concentration relief and resonance prevention during the design of shore connections to secure their dynamic stability.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.225-239
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• 2004

In this paper, systematic analyses for the shoring systems installed to support applied loads during construction are performed on the basis of the numerical approach introduced in the previous study. Structural behaviors require changes in design variables such as types of shoring systems, shore stiffness and shore spacing. In this paper, the design variable are analyzed and discussed. The time dependent deformations of concrete and construction sequences of frame structures are also taken into account to minimize structural instability and to improve design of shoring system, because those effects may increase axial forces delivered to shores. From many parametric studies, it can be recommended that the most effective shoring system is 2SlR(two shores and one reshore)

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.848-855
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• 2003

During concrete placement, the partially distributed load due to the concrete placement paths creates the lateral force in the connection parts of the shore. In order to restrain this lateral force, the nails must be used in the upper and lower connection parts of shores. But, for the convenience of the construction and dismantling of the shores, the workers hardly use the nails. In this case, the connections of shore cannot resist the shear force and rotation. And this situation may cause the collapse of form-shore system. Therefore, contact and spring models for the connection analysis of the form-shore systems are required. If we take into account this construction situation, we need to understand the effects of shear and rotation stiffness according to the several types of connection parts in shores as a case study. This study evaluates the shear and rotation stiffness of the connection parts of shores according to the variations of the lengths, numbers and positions of nails, and then presents the experimental results depending on the end conditions of shores. And, these results can be used as a spring model and critical load evaluation data for the connection analysis of form-shore system.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.513-527
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• 2010

This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element method based structural analysis model for structural analysis of reinforced concrete high-rise buildings during construction. The model considered the time-dependency of the structural configuration and material properties as well as the effect of the construction rate and shoring stiffness. Uniaxial compression tests of young concrete within 28 days of age were conducted to establish the time-dependent compressive stress-strain relationship of concrete, which was then used as input parameters to the structural analysis model. In-situ tests of a RC high-rise building were conducted, the results of which were used for model verification. Good agreement between the test results and model predictions was achieved. At the end, a parametric study was conducted using the verified model. The results indicated that the floor position and construction rate had significant effect on the shore load, whereas the influence of the shore removal timing and shore stiffness have much smaller. It was also found that the floors are more prone to cracking during construction than is ultimate bending failure.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2010

Long-term floor deflection caused by excessive construction load became a critical issue for the design of concrete slabs, as a flat plate is becoming popular for tall buildings. To estimate the concrete cracking and deflection of an early age slab, the construction load should be accurately evaluated. The magnitude of construction load acting on a slab is affected by various design parameters. Most of existing methods for estimating construction load addressed only the effects of the construction period per story, material properties of early age concrete, and the number of shored floors. In the present study, in addition to these parameter, the effects of shore stiffness and concrete cracking on construction load were numerically studied. Based on the result, a simplified method for estimating construction load was developed. In the proposed method, the calculation of construction load is divided to two steps: 1)Onset of concrete placement at a top slab. 2)Removal of shoring. At each step, the construction load increment is distributed to the floor slabs according to the ratio of slab stiffness to shore stiffness. The proposed method was compared with existing methods. In a companion paper, the proposed method will be verified by the comparison with the measurements of actual construction loads.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.1069-1078
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• 2024

Woody breast (WB) is one of muscle myopathy found in chicken breast, characterized with enlarged size and extremely stiff texture. The WB condition is one of the most prevalent quality issues in the modern poultry industry. WB has been shown to be heritable, but no effective detection method of WB severity in live birds exists for the selection purpose. The objective of this study was to determine potential of a non-invasive, portable digital palpation device as WB detection method that can be used for the selection to estimate the heritability of WB. The physical and functional properties of WB was also investigated in comparison with normal breast (NB). Two hundred ten breast muscles were obtained from a local processing plant one day after harvest and sorted based on WB scoring (1 for NB and 2 and 3 for WB). The samples were subjected to physical and physicochemical analyses, determining biomechanical properties (muscle tone, stiffness, elasticity, relaxation, and creep), pH, color, cooking yield, and texture (firmness and compression energy were used for raw meat and shear force and energy for cooked meat). The least squares means of the following variables were significantly different between WB and NB (p < 0.01): stiffness (603.4 vs 565.8; N/m), and elasticity (1.40 vs 1.55). However, relaxation and creep were not significantly different (p > 0.05). These results collectively showed that biomechanical properties of WB differ from NB. The degree of muscle stiffness in WB can be considered as a trait to be selected. The WB score showed strong negative correlations with cooking yield (-0.77) and cooked L^*(-0.74), which means that as the breast becomes harder, the cooking yield decreases, and the color becomes darker after cooking. The WB score showed high correlations with physical and functional characteristics and exhibited strong correlations with the biomechanical properties measured by the device. Therefore, the results indicated that the digital palpation device has potential to detect the WB severity (degree of stiffness) of breast muscle.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2010

In a companion paper, a simplified method for the evaluation of the slab construction load was developed. Unlike existing methods, the proposed method includes the effects of shore stiffness and concrete cracking on the construction load. In the present study, construction loads were measured in actual flat-plate slabs. For verification, the measured shore-forces were compared with the predictions by the proposed method and existing methods. Further, the proposed method was applied to a wall-slab structure, and the prediction results were compared with the measurements. The comparison results showed that the proposed method well predicted the construction loads, furthermore it gave better predictions than the existing methods did.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 2022

In submerged floating tunnels (SFTs), a next-generation maritime transportation infrastructure, the tunnel module floats in water due to buoyancy. For the effective and economical use of SFTs, connection with the ground is inevitable, but the stability of the shore connection is weak due to stress concentration caused by the displacement difference between the subsea bored tunnel and the SFT. The use of an elastic joint has been proposed as a solution to solve the stability problem, but it changes the dynamic characteristics of the SFT, such as natural frequency and mode shape. In this study, the finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the elastic joints in shore connections, assuming that the ground is a hard rock without displacement. In addition, a small-scale model test was performed for FEM model validation. A parametric study was conducted on the resonance behavior such as the natural frequency change and velocity, stress, and reaction force distribution change of the SFT system by varying the joint stiffness under loading conditions of various frequencies and directions. The results indicated that the natural frequency of the SFT system increased as the stiffness of the elastic joint increased, and the risk of resonance was the highest in the low-frequency environment. Moreover, stress concentration was observed in both the SFT and the shore connection when resonance occurred in the vertical mode. The results of this study are expected to be utilized in the process of quantitative research such as designing elastic joints to prevent resonance in the future.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2023

Submerged floating tunnels must be connected to the ground to connect continents. The displacement imbalance at the shore connection between the underground bored tunnel and submerged floating tunnel can cause stress concentration, accompanying a fracture at the shore connection. The elastic joint has been proposed as a method to relive the stress concentration, however, the effect of the elastic joints on the dynamic behavior should be evaluated. In this study, the submerged floating tunnel and shore connection under dynamic load conditions were simulated through numerical analysis using a numerical model verified through a small-scaled physical model test. The resonant frequency was considered as a dynamic behavioral characteristic of the tunnel under the impact load, and it was confirmed that the stiffness of the elastic joint and the resonant frequency exhibit a power function relationship. When the shore connection is designed with a soft joint, the resonant frequency of the tunnel is reduced, which not only increases the risk of resonance in the marine environment where a dynamic load of low frequency is applied, but also greatly increases the maximum velocity of tunnel when resonance occurs.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2024

In recent times, accidents involving structural elements, formwork, and shore have been persistently occurring during concrete pouring, especially in multi-story reinforced concrete (RC) structures. In previous studies, research on construction load analysis was mainly conducted for cases where the thickness of all slabs is constant. However, when the thickness of some slabs is different, the variation in the stiffness of slab cross-sections can lead to different distributions of construction loads, necessitating further investigation. In this study, the slab thickness was set as a variable, and the analysis of the distribution of construction loads was conducted, taking into account the influence of changes in slab thickness on the concrete stiffness and structure. It was confirmed that not only the concrete material stiffness but also the slab cross-section stiffness should be considered in the estimation of construction loads when the slab thickness changes. As the slab thickness increases, the maximum construction load and maximum damage parameter on the layer with increased thickness significantly increase, and it was observed that a thicker slab results in a higher proportion of construction load.