• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.67-82
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• 2022

In this paper, buckling and free vibration of imperfect, functionally graded beams, including porosities, are investigated, using a higher order shear strain theory. Due to defects during the manufacturing process, micro porosities may appear in the material, hence the appearance of this imperfection in the structure. The material properties of the beams are assumed to vary regularly, with power and sigmoid law, in the direction of thickness. A novel porosity distribution affecting the functionally graded volume fraction is presented. For the compact formulation used for cementite-based materials and already used in P-FGM, we have adapted it for the distribution of S-FGM. The equations of motion in the FG beam are derived using Hamilton's principle. The boundary conditions for beam FG are assumed to be simply supported. Navier's solution is used to obtain the closed form solutions of the FG beam. The numerical results of this work are compared with those of other published research to verify accuracy and reliability. The comparisons of different shear shape functions, the influence of porosity, thickness and inhomogeneity parameters on buckling and free vibration of the FG beam are all discussed. It is established that the present work is more precise than certain theories developed previously.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2023

Under the long-term effect of corrosive environment, many cold-formed steel (CFS) structures have serious corrosion problems. Corrosion leads to the change of surface morphology and the loss of section thickness, which results in the change of instability mode and failure mechanism of CFS structure. This paper mainly investigates the elastic local buckling behavior of corroded CFS columns. The surface morphology scanning test was carried out for eight CFS columns accelerated corrosion by the outdoor periodic spray test. The thin shell finite element (FE) eigen-buckling analysis was also carried out to reveal the influence of corrosion surface characteristics, corrosion depth, corrosion location and corrosion area on the elastic local buckling behaviour of the plates with four simply supported edges. The accuracy of the proposed formulas for calculating the elastic local buckling stress of the corroded plates and columns was assessed through extensive parameter studies. The results indicated that for the plates considering corrosion surface characteristics, the maximum deformation area of local buckling was located at the plates with the minimum average section area. For the plates with localized corrosion, the main buckling shape of the plates changed from one half-wave to two half-wave with the increase in corrosion area length. The elastic local buckling stress decreased gradually with the increase in corrosion area width and length. In addition, the elastic local buckling stress decreased slowly when corrosion area thickness was relatively large, and then tends to accelerate with the reduction in corrosion area thickness. The distance from the corrosion area to the transverse and longitudinal centerline of the plate had little effect on the elastic local buckling stress. Finally, the calculation formula of the elastic local buckling stress of the corroded plates and CFS columns was proposed.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.79-86
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• 2008

Four RC shear wall specimens with a/d of 2.2 are designed. And a flexural retrofitting is performed for one specimen by both enlarging wall section and adding additional vertical reinforcements. Also the effectivity of jaketting wall sides is evaluated for the two methods using only steel plate or welded wire mesh with enlargement of section. Cyclic loads are applied to the retrofitted specimens according to the loading history proposed by ACI under constant axial force. Test result showed that the strength and ductility of specimen were improved where the section was enlarged after the installation of additional vertical reinforcements. Confining the ends of wall by U shape W.W.F. with enlargement of section showed most excellent structural capacity regarding to the strength and ductility. Retrofitting by using steel plate was much effective not only to protect the abrupt decrease of strength after yield but also to improve the deformation capacity.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.87-96
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• 2006

A ship collision analysis by finite element method is performed considering the effects of mass and speed of ship and material and shape of structures to analyze the dynamic characteristics by ship collision. From this analysis, collision load-time history and damage of ship and structures are obtained. In this study, results of finite element analysis are compared with previous studies in USA, Japan and some countries of Europe. Dynamic characteristics are different from each other according to interaction between ship and structures. It seems that there are lots of factor to have effects on the ship-structures interaction. Because little information is available on the behavior of the inelastic deformation of materials and structures during the type of dynamic impacts associated with vessel impact, assumptions based on experience and sound engineering practice should be substituted. Therefore more researches on the interaction between ship and structures are required.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.34-42
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• 2024

This study developed a morphing technology applicable to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with diverse flight characteristics. Existing morphing technologies require additional mechanisms and driving devices, posing challenges in constructing features such as ribs and spars within the wing structure, leading to structural instability. To address this, we developed a Variable-Camber and Variable-Chord (VCC) morphing flap that could maintains a continuously transforming surface during deformation, altering both camber shape and chord length simultaneously. Furthermore, we conducted design and fabrication of UAV wings incorporating these morphing flaps, ensuring structural stability by developing specialized shapes. Furthermore, structural experiments were conducted to simulate flight loads, followed by actual flight tests to validate performances of both morphing mechanism and wings. Finally, wind tunnel tests were conducted to compare results with aerodynamic analysis, confirming the effective applicability of this morphing technology.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.239-247
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• 2009

Hatching rate, larval deformation and growth rate of selected olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) for rapid growth were compared to those of the unselected fish. Fish were spawned on the same day and cultured under the similar conditions. The selected fish had a significantly higher eggs hatching rate, and lower larval deformation. The selected fish grew significantly faster, and at the end of the experiment (8 weeks after hatching) averaged 50.49${\pm}$2.67 mm in total length, 16.30${\pm}$0.08 mm in body height, and 1.036${\pm}$0.118 g in weight, compared to 40.55${\pm}$3.13 mm, 13.50${\pm}$0.96 mm, and 0.557${\pm}$0.073 g for unselected fish, respectively. The selected fish had a significantly higher body shape index, however lower condition factor than the unselected fish. The results of the present study demonstrate that the selected fish of the olive flounder for rapid growth had superior growth and improved body shape.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.417-428
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• 2011

Depending on the plastic deformation capacity required, structural steel design under the current codes can be classified into three categories: elastic, plastic, and seismic design. Most of the current steel codes explicitly forbid the use of a steel material with a yield strength higher than 450 MPa in the plastic design because of the concerns about its low plastic deformation capacity as well as the lack of test data on local and lateral torsional buckling behavior. In this study, flexural tests on full-scale H-shape members built with SM490A (ordinary steel or benchmark material) and HSB800 (high-strength steel) were carried out. The primary objective was to investigate the appropriateness of extrapolating the local buckling criterion of the current codes, which was originally developed for normal-strength steel, to the case of high-strength steel. All the SM490A specimens performed consistently with the current code criteria and exhibited sufficient strength and ductility. The performance of the HSB800 specimens was also very satisfactory from the strength perspective; even the specimens with a noncompact and slender flange developed the plastic moment capacity. The HSB800 specimens, however, showed an inferior plastic rotation capacity due to the premature tensile fracture of the beam bottom flange beneath the vertical stiffener at the loading point. The plastic rotation capacity that was achieved was less than 3 (or the minimum level required for a plastic design). Although the test results in this study indicate that the extrapolation of the current flange local-buckling criterion to the case of high-strength steel is conservative from the elastic design perspective, further testing together with an associated analytical study is required to identify the causes of the tensile fracture and to establish a flange slenderness criterion that is more appropriate for high-strength steel.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.104-114
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• 2004

A study was carried out to estimate the deformation of the set net according to the current by the model test in the circulation water channel. The tension of the frame line and the variation of net shapes were measured to investigate the deforming of the model set net in the flow. The results are obtained as follows; 1. The tensions (y) of the frame line according to the flow speed(x) from 0.0m/s to 0.6m/s were expressed by the experimental equation as follow : y= 1814.1x+115.12 2. In case of the upperward flow with fish court net, deformed angle in the upperward net was changed from 0$^{\circ}$ to 79$^{\circ}$, the inclined passage net was from 0$^{\circ}$ to 56$^{\circ}$. Besides, the depth ratio of the first bag net changed from 1.0 to 0.42 and the second bag net was from 1.0 to 0.41, and deformed angle in the downward of the bag net was from 0$^{\circ}$ to 87$^{\circ}$. 3. In case of the upperward flow with bag net, deformed angle in the upperward net was changed from 0$^{\circ}$ to 60$^{\circ}$, the inclined passage net was from 0$^{\circ}$ to 13$^{\circ}$. Besides, the depth ratio of the first bag net changed from 1.0 to 0.27 and the second bag net was from 1.0 to 0.15. In the flow speed 0.3m/s, the inclined passage net rised up to the entry of the bag net and then prevented it more over 90% in 0.5m/s. A deformed angle in the downward of the fish court net was from 0$^{\circ}$ to 58$^{\circ}$. 4. To minimize the deformation of each part in model set net, it needs to attach the moving weight out of the fish court net, inclined passage net and bag net. Besides, it needs to adjust the tension of the net twine for the maintenance of the shape.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.488-505
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• 2007

The purposes of this research are twofold; 1) to verify spatial differences of tectonic movement using the spatial distribution of earthquakes, and 2) to infer mechanisms that generate spatial accumulation patterns of earthquakes in the Korean Peninsula. The first part of this sequential paper (Park, 2007) argues that the Korean Peninsula consists of four geostructural regions in which tectonic deformation and consequent geomorphological development patterns are different from each other Since this conclusion has been made by terrain analyses alone, it is necessary to verify this suggestion using other independent geophysical data. Because earthquakes are results of movement and deformation of land masses moving in different directions, the distribution of earthquake epicenters may be used to identify the direction and rates of land mass movement. This paper first analysed the spatial distribution of earthquakes using spatial statistics, and then results were compared with the spatial arrangement of geostructural regions. The spatial distribution of earthquakes in the Korean Peninsula can be summarized as the followings; firstly, the intensity of earthquakes shows only weak spatial dependency, and shows large difference even at adjacent regions. Secondly, the epicenter distribution has a clear spatial accumulation pattern, even though the intensity of earthquake shows a random pattern. Thirdly, the high density area of earthquakes shows a clear 'L' shape, passing through Pyeongannam-do, centered at Pyeongyang, and Hwanghae-do, Seosan and Pohang. The correlation coefficient between the density of earthquakes and distance from geostructral region boundaries is much higher than those between the density of fault lines and distance from tectonic division boundaries. Since fault lines and tectonic divisions in the Korean Peninsula are the results of long-term geological development, there is an apparent scale discrepancy to find significant correlations with earthquakes. This result verifies the research hypothesis that the Korean Peninsula is divided into four geostructral regions in which each has its own moving direction and spatial deformation characteristics. The existence of geostructural regions is also supported by the movement parrerns of land masses estimated from the GPS measurements. This conclusion is expected to provide a new perspective to understand the geomorphological developments and the earthquake occurrences in the Korean Peninsula.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.127-141
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• 1978

The major structures characteristic of the Taebaegsan sedimentary basin were regionally analyzed with special reference to its southeastern extension to the Yeonhwa-Ulchin district of economic interest in zinc-lead mineralization. The basin geometry, basement setting, sedimentary components, and the characteristics of deformation and igneous activity of the Taebaegsan basin differ basically from those of the adjacent mobile belt of the Ogcheon geosyncline, although the latter affected the basin's western side considerably. The subrectangular shape of the Taebaegsan basin reflects the checkered pattern of basement-block arrangement, and the carbonate-dominated lithologic components of the basin-fill indicate a cratonic depositional setting, which is comparable to some of the North American mid-continental craton. The Taebaegsan basin, however, has somewhat been less stable than the North American megacraton that is reflected in the former's thicker sedimentary fill and steeper faults of later deformation, showing a tendency to increase in thickness close to the basement-block boundaries, which may indicate contacts of possibly detached cratonic blocks of Precambrian age; these weak zones of block boundaries have been the loci of repeated sedimentation, deformation and related igneous intrusions. A series of downthrown or uplifted tilted blocks, in which the Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary wedges and the late Cretaceous to early Tertiary igneous intrusives are involved, occurs intermittently across the Yeonhwa-Ulchin district in a noticeable pattern of en echelon type. These sedimentary wedges are correlated to the Cambro-Ordovician section of the Hambaeg syncline to the west in stratigraphy and lithology, and are considered to have resulted from the northeastern and/or northwestern cross-faulting of the pre-existing syncline belt of easterly trend, extended from the main portion of the Hambaeg syncline. These structural junctions (or intersections) of the earlier syncline belt and the later cross-faults have been acted as a guide to ascending igneous materials and hydrothermal ore-forming fluids to form a zone of zinc-lead skarn deposits across the Yeonhwa-Ulchin district showing a stepwise recurrence of these deposits toward the east.