• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.95-114
• /
• 1991

This paper was designed to estimate the interaction of the first productivity, light conditions and to analyze the ecophysiological productivity, growth characteristics grown under various shading conditions in Zoysia japonica . The results summarized this experiment were as follows; 1.After transplanting the grass, increasing rate of leaf number and total leaf length was remarkahly high at the early growth stage in the control and the 30% shading plot. 2.The increasing rate of leaf area ratio (LA R) in all the experimental plot was remarkable high at the early growth stage after transplanting the grass. Especially, the control and 30% shading plot in compared with another plots, were remarkably high at rate of leaf area. 3.The length and the node number of rhizome in the control and 30% shading plot were also high and the difference was significantly large by the growth stage. 4.Chlorophyll content was very high at 36days after transplanting and then decreased. Increasing rate of shade resulted in its low content. The rate of chlorophyll a to b was decreased by in-creasing rate of shade. 5.The content of soluble sugar in the control and 30% shading plot was low at the early growth after transplanting and high at the late growth stage. Its content in the plot of 70% shading was remarkably low throughout the growth stage. 6.The increasing rate of standing plant in all the experimental plots was high at the early growth stage after transplanting. Increasing rate of shade was typically low through all the growth stage.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.23-27
• /
• 1991

This experiment was conducted to establish shade-method suited to on tile artificial propagation of Lycoris radiata HERB. The ligilt intensity in the native habitatwas 30 kux in March and 3.2 Klux from June to sept. The average light intensityin tile open area was 137 Klux in June. The plant height and number of Ieaves wasgood at the 35% to 55% shadeing net. Bloonling time of Lycoris radiata HERB was inthe last of Sept. Yeild of bulb was increased in 35% to 55% of shadeing net.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2005.07b
• /
• pp.1678-1680
• /
• 2005

This paper presents Building Integrated Photovoltaic system of the balcony type which is influenced by conditions such as irradiation, module temperature, shade and array arrangement. When architecture component, trees and cloud shade connecting array in series, total PV array current is reduced. So, before PV system design, a planner have to simulate many situations. And then array should be composed suitable for parallel and series modules. By the results, it is very important to develop optimal design of array considering shade effect for the balcony PV system.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.51-64
• /
• 2001

Summer stress is one of the serious problems on cool-season grass at the soccer fields in Korea during heavy rainy season. This study was conducted to intestigate the effect of shade net with regard to its percent (0, 50, 75), color (black, green), height (0 cm, 30 cm) and time (7 hr, 24 hr) on turf canopy temperature, light intensity, leaf color, turf performance, clipping yield and root dry weight of cool-season turfgrass. Turf canopy temperature was 6~13$^{\circ}C$ under black and green shade net when temperature was over 4$0^{\circ}C$. Light intensity was also decreased from 40 to 94% under black and green shade net compared to control. Black shade net was more effective than green net in reduction of temperature and light intensity. Green shade net was found to be better for photosynthesis of cool-season grass. Leaf color, turf performance, clipping yield, and root dry weight were better and increased under 50% and 75% shade net. 50% black shade net with 30cm height and 7 hr treatment showed the best turf performance. It can be concluded that 50% and 75% green shade net can be used fur reducing summer stress on cool-season grass after soccer marches during heavy rain season. The shade net decreased the turf canopy temperature and reduced heating damage of cool-season turfgrass.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.443-454
• /
• 2008

Statement of problem: A clinically successful color match is one of the important factor to get an esthetic dental restoration. Dental shade guides are commonly used to evaluate tooth color in restorative procedure. But numerous reports have indicated that common shade guides do not provide sufficient spectral coverage of the natural tooth colors. To address issues associated with the shade guide, distinct avenues have been pursued objective spectrophotometric / colorimetric assessment. Purpose: This study compared the accuracy of tooth color selection of spectrophotometer with that of human visual determination. Three main factors were investigated, namely, the effect of light, the individual variation and the experience of the observer. Material and methods: At the first experiment, on ten patients, one operator independently selected the best matching shade to the unrestored maxillary central incisor, using a Vita Classical Shade Guide in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon. The same teeth were measured by means of a reflectance spectrophotometer. At the second experiment, on ten patients, ten operators (5 experts, 5 novices) selected and measured by the same method above at noon. At the third experiment, the results of the second experiment were divided into two groups, expert and novice, and analyzed. Results: 1. There was significant difference between visual and spectrophotometric assessment (mean ${\Delta}E$ values) in experiment 1, 2, 3 (P < .05). 2. There was no significant difference between experts and novices group, when comparing with each visual and spectrophotometric assessment (mean ${\Delta}E$ values). Conclusion: Spectrophotometer could be used to analyze the shade of natural tooth objectively. Thereby, this method offers the potential tominimize considerably the need for corrections or even remakesafter intraoral try-in of restoration. Furthermore, to achieve its advantage, both the shade-matching environment and communication between dentist and technician should be optimized with use of visual and instrumental shade-matching systems.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.406-411
• /
• 2006

New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkeri) shows very sensitive responses to different light conditions. Due to these phenomena, testers of DUS (distinctness, uniformity and stability) for granting plant variety protection right often have problems distinguishing genetic or physiological differences. New Guinea impatiens 'Fishlimp 149' was grown under several light intensities in a rain-sheltered vinyl house to observe differences of plant growth and flowering. As compared with the control (avg. $1,010{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$), treatments of shade-1 (avg. $599{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) and shade-2 (avg. $88{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) showed increased plant height, plant width, leaf size and pedicel length. On the contrary, these growth parameters decreased in shade-3 (avg. $30{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) with the lowest light intensity. Shade-1 treatment enhanced flower characteristics such as flower diameter, upper petal width, side petal width and lower petal length. However, these characteristics were suppressed by lower light intensities than that in shade-1. Anthocyanin contents of shoot, leaf and pedicel decreased with increasing shading, but that of flower petal was the greatest of the shade-1 treatment. Shade-1 treatment showed the greatest Hunter a value analyzed by a colorimeter, and L and b values increased with increasing shading. Shade-1 treatment seemed to be provided the most proper light condition for DUS test of New Guinea impatiens. Additionally, anthocyanin accumulation on New Guinea impatiens during DUS test was due to not genetic differences but physiological phenomenon.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.796-802
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different drying methods on free amino acids and dipeptide contents, Warner-Bratzler shear force and sensory property of beef jerky products. The drying methods used for this study were sun-drying, shade-drying and hot air-drying methods. The sun-dried beef jerky had the highest free amino acids (277.45 mg/100 g) followed by shade-dried (206.43 mg/100 g) and hot air-dried (111.88 mg/100 g) ones, whereas the amount of dipeptides were the highest in the shade-dried beef jerky followed by sun-dried and hot air-dried ones. The fatty acid composition of the beef jerky was not shown any difference among the beef jerkies with 3 different drying methods. The color $L^*$-value of the beef jerky was lower in the hot-air dried, while the $a^*$-value was higher in the sun-dried one. The shade-dried jerky showed a lower $b^*$-value. The shear force of beef jerky was lower when it was either sun-dried or shade-dried than when it was hot air-dried. Sensory evaluation revealed that hot air-dried beef jerky scored lower than the sun-dried and shade-dried ones (p<0.05). Therefore, using either the sun drying or shade drying methods is more desirable than using the hot air drying method when manufacturing beef jerky for superior physicochemical qualities.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.587-598
• /
• 2005

Statement of problem: Ceramic restorations should be made of porcelain layers of different opacity, shade, and thickness in order to provide a natural appearance. Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic system has superior color reproducibility, because it uses the ceramic ingot which is similar to teeth shade and uses the staining technique and layering technique. However, staining technique has a fault of discoloration. Also, porcelain is divided core and dentin layer, it is not enough to study about the influence of porcelain layer thickness and shade on the shade of ceramic restorations. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of porcelain layer thickness and color on the final shade of ceramic restorations. Materials and method: The CIE $L^*a^*b^*$(CIELAB) values of 72 assembled specimens, each consisting of 3 discs (enamel porcelain 0.2 mm/dentin porcelain -1.2, 0.9, 0.7, 0.5 or 0.3 mm/ceramic core -0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 or 1.2 mm, diameter is 1.0 mm) were evaluated with a spectrophotometer (Model Chromaview 300, Spectron Tech Co, Korea) for the shade A1, A2, A3 and A4. Distilled water (refractive index: 1.7) was used to attain optical contact between the layers. White, white gray, and white brown backgrounds were used to assess the influence of the background on the final shade. And the mean color difference value$({\Delta}E)$ was calculated. Results and conclusion: The results obtained from this study were as follows. 1. There was a significant correlation between the thickness ratio of the ceramic core/dentin porcelain system and $L^*,\;a^*\;and\;b^*$ values when the total thickness of specimen combination was smaller than 1.4 mm(P<0.05). 2. The specimen which the ceramic core thickness was more than 0.7 mm had the best masking effect against background colors. 3. The mean color difference value$({\Delta}E)$ is smaller than 2 $({\Delta}E<2)$ when the ceramic core thickness was larger than 0.7 mm and the total thickness of specimen was more than 1.4 mm.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2011

Three evergreen ground-cover species were tested and evaluated for cold acclimation with different lights in central Korea to enrich the varieties of ground cover plants for over-wintering. Nandina domestica which recently started to be planted in central Korea had high chlorophyll unit with shade condition in both locations, Banpo and Gwacheon during winter. Light condition had no influence on chlorophyll unit in Banpo after April, meanwhile full sun condition decreased chlorophyll unit significantly in Gwacheon, which is exposed to cold wind from north. Ophiopogon japonicas had more than double chlorophyll unit in shade condition compared to that in full light condition in both investigation areas in February. In addition, higher value of L and b in shade condition had been maintained than in full sun condition throughout investigation period. However, leaves in Gwacheon were de-colorized in full sun condition after over-wintering. Pachysandra terminalis had more higher chlorophyll unit in shade condition compared to in full sun condition in both investigation areas in February. But light conditions had not effect the difference of chlorophyll unit of Gwacheon in April. Therefore, The present results suggest that evergreen ground covers with shade condition would be used as landscape materials in the capital area.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.7.1-7.10
• /
• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the surrounding and underlying shades' effect on the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite used in a thin layer. Materials and Methods: Cylinder specimens (1.0 mm thick) were built with the Vittra APS Unique composite, surrounded (dual specimens) or not (simple specimens) by a control composite (shade A1, A2, or A3). Simple specimens were also built only with the control composites. Each specimen's color was measured against white and black backgrounds or the simple control specimens with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB system). The whiteness index for dentistry (WI_D) and translucency parameters (TP₀₀) were calculated for simple specimens. Differences (ΔE₀₀) in color between the simple/dual specimens and the controls were calculated. The CAP was calculated based on the ratios between data from simple and dual specimens. Results: The Vittra APS Unique composite showed higher WID and TP₀₀ values than the controls. The highest values of ΔE₀₀ were observed among simple specimens. The color measurements of Vittra APS Unique (simple or dual) against the control specimens presented the lowest color differences. Only surrounding the single-shade composite with a shaded composite barely impacted the ΔE₀₀. The highest CAP values were obtained using a shaded composite under simple or dual specimens. Conclusions: The CAP of Vittra APS Unique was strongly affected by the underlying shade, while surrounding this composite with a shaded one barely affected its color adjustment.